tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56886087095497599172024-02-20T16:47:14.631-08:00Best topic for essay writingPersuasive Essay Topics About Sportsgladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-20547847584431212822020-08-25T08:04:00.001-07:002020-08-25T08:04:05.963-07:00Australia Based Super Market Retail Chain â⬠Myassignmenthelp.ComQuestion: Talk About The Australia Based Super Market Retail Chain? Answer: Introducation Woolworths is an Australia based grocery store retail chain store. The organization likewise serves alcohol and other product to the clients. As far as income, Woolworths is the second biggest organization in Australia to gain income of AS$59 billion. The organization was started in the year 1924 by Percy Christmas, Stanley Chatterton, Cecil Scott Waine, George Creed and Ernest Williams. The organization holds its headquarter in NSW Australia (Wahyuni 2010). The reason for choosing Woolworths for the serious examination is that the organization has effectively prospered its market in various parts of the organization. Likewise the organization figured out how to embrace the best act of the executives from the contenders and deliberately utilized it in its business to pick up the market capitalization. Further the methodologies of the organization are examined beneath: The fundamental objective of execution of a business technique is to build the deals of the organization alongside growing client base. The organization appreciates the 80% market capitalization in Australia by framing deliberately co-activity with Coles (duopoly). Along these lines, because of which the organization got one of the quickest developing organization of Australia (Fernie, and Sparks 2014). On examining the technique utilized by the organization is that, Woolworths assessed the economic situations and afterward made changes in their item in like manner. Further the organization dissected the accompanying four inquiries: Where do we contend: under this examination the organization assessed the economic situation and industry investigation of the item. The organization the organization effectively investigated the market which gave them the data that no other organization is as of now winning in the market. This helped the organization to shape union with Coles so as to succeed (Luiz, et. al., 2011). Extraordinary suggestion of the item offered: subsequently Woolworths broke down the inward procedure of the organization. They assessed that what one of a kind detail they can give to the planned clients which can hold them. Additionally the organization intelligently imitated the administration practices of their rivals for example Wal-Mart to prevail in their present market. This helped the organization to pick up the trust of the clients through its image promotion too. As the crucial the organization recommends that they to pu clients at their primary goal which gave the organization its USP, that is to sell as indicated by the necessities of the clients. Thus, it will be seen that the organization utilized all the systems winning in the market to pick up the serious edge. Asset and abilities: the organization Woolworths effectively utilized its sources of info and drives them to deliver significant yield for the clients. Likewise the organization started to become start to finish retailer. Likewise, the administration of the organization centered getting criticisms from clients with the goal that they can take care of the key territories to change in their business (Kang, and Gray 2013). Step by step instructions to suffer USP: so as to prevail in the market it is obligatory for an organization to keep up the nature of work. The organization Woolworths consistently kept clients at is primary goal coming about to which they produced most extreme fulfillment of clients. Along these lines, so as to keep up their development rate Woolworths started great administration framework and legitimate utilization of assets accessible to them. Passage Motor Company Passage is an America based global organization having its business exercises around the world. The organization fabricates car items. The organization was found by Henry Ford in the year 1903. Passage wins income of US$ 151.8 billion, which gives a diagram that the organization is holding huge scope fabricating process around the world (David 2011). The explanation of picking portage is that the organization the organization deliberately utilized the assets accessible to them, and created items fulfilling the requirements of the clients. Along these lines, because of this explanation the organization effectively expanded its worldwide piece of the overall industry, bringing about development of the organization. Further discussing the upper hand which the organization got is through its vital inside administration process. The organization deliberately planned two projects to work the exercises of the association, for example Brought together administration program: through this program the organization started the organization to grow its market openings by giving the dynamic position to top administration. This procedure helped the organization to make items wanted by the clients and to most extreme their fulfillment level (Holmes 2012). Decentralized procedure of executing approaches: under this procedure, Ford deliberately improved the inside administration procedure of the organization to start proficiency of outside procedure also. The organization figured out how to expel the distinctive layer of the board, bringing about adaptability of working. The correspondence procedure was additionally improved with the guide of this program. Passage engine organization additionally started to utilize its assets and produce comes back to amplify the advantages got to the clients. The organization picked up the serious edge in the market because of their effective administration procedures actualized in the association. in extra to it the organization likewise started the accompanying two procedures to separate its item from the market: Item Differentiation: Ford planned the items explicitly as indicated by the necessities of the forthcoming clients (Wilson, and McKinlay 2010). They started organizations with powerhouses so as to give the clients diversion benefits in vehicles and truck as it were. The organization embraced the innovative change winning in the market and prompted them to give separation to the item advertised. Alongside diversion the organization likewise centered around giving sumptuous vehicles wellbeing measures. This procedure picked up the trust of clients and drove them to buy the results of the organization. Minimal effort Leadership Model: the organization embraced this model so as to cut over the top creation costs and give savvy items to the clients. With the guide of this procedure, the cost of doing business of the organization decreased coming about to which surplus stores of the organization expanded. The crude material costs were diminished and an online procedure of assembling items was presented by the organization (Laudon, and Laudon 2011). The component which helped the organization in picking up the piece of the pie is that the organization concentrated on their fundamental beliefs and never floated the administration center around different items. Passage focus available fit for their working as opposed to focusing on various portions of the market. This started the organization to picking up trust of the clients and offering better types of assistance to them. References David, F.R., 2011. Vital administration: Concepts and cases. Peaeson/Prentice Hall. Fernie, J. what's more, Sparks, L., 2014. Coordinations and retail the board: rising issues and new difficulties in the retail gracefully chain. Kogan page distributers. Holmes, P., 2012. Choppiness, reasonable structures, dynamical frameworks and balance. Cambridge college press. Kang, H. also, Gray, S.J., 2013. Portion detailing rehearses in Australia: Has IFRS 8 had any kind of effect?. Australian Accounting Review, 23(3), pp.232-243. Laudon, K.C. what's more, Laudon, J.P., 2011. Basics of the executives data frameworks. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Luiz, J., Luiz, J., Bowen, A., Bowen, A., Beswick, C. what's more, Beswick, C., 2011. Woolworths South Africa: making maintainability practical. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 1(1), pp.1-21. Wahyuni, D., 2010. The Importance of Supply Chain Management in Competitive Business: A Case Study on Woolworths. Wilson, J.M. what's more, McKinlay, A., 2010. Reexamining the sequential construction system: Organization, execution and efficiency in Ford Motor Company, c. 190827. Business History, 52(5), pp.760-778. gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-71922094170340117472020-08-22T03:49:00.001-07:002020-08-22T03:49:14.451-07:00Marketing Plan (Innisfree)1. Foundation Innisfree is a characteristic brand that shares the advantages of nature from the perfect island of Jeju taking into consideration energetic excellence and seeks after an eco-accommodating green life to save the parity of nature. Innisfreeââ¬â¢s snail cover, which is our new item, is this promoting planââ¬â¢s character. Snail Mask is famous and its market development is steady since snail cover is extremely valuable to ensure and fix the skin. Our objective market is the white collar class and the ranges of clients are both female and male.Also, age dissemination is around 21 to 50 years of age. Also, the opposition of the showcasing is originated from various nations, for example, Etude house, Nature republic in Korea, Shu uemura Shiseido in Japan and Lancã'me, Estee lauder in America. Thusly, the opposition of showcasing is incredibly competitive.2. The SWOT analysisStrength: 1) Our productââ¬â¢s equation is one of a kind â⬠not at all like other brands.2 ) Use 3 years for innovative work this snail mask.3) The elements of our snail cover are in high quality.4) Our industrial facility has some huge scope machines â⬠we can have mass production.Weaknesses: 1) The selling cost is high as the creation cost is high.2) The bundle of our snail veil isn't attractive.3) We can't toss a great deal of cash and assets of this item as our organization has numerous other skincare products.Opportunities: 1) Rising of South Korean design â⬠Hong Kong individuals are influenced by the Korean dramatizations, popular music and idols.2) Increase the certainty of purchasing Korean skincare items â⬠great open reputation3) Men currently focus on their pictures and begin to secure their skin by utilizing skincare products.4) Hong Kong womenââ¬â¢s buying power on skincare items is high.Threats:1) The rising pace of money rate (RMB) â⬠the assembling cost become ever more elevated as our processing plant is set in mainland.2) The climate stat e of Hong Kong isn't as dry as South Korea. Individuals may not utilize our snail cover frequently.3) The pattern of the clinical magnificence treatment is rising â⬠the conventional covers are not appealing enough.3. Focus of deals revenue& piece of the pie First of all, the snail cover is estimated at $30 HK dollars each and foreseen to sell 300,000.Therefore; we expected to gain 1.5 million for deals income. It is on the grounds that the snail veil is new item, we don't anticipate a lot in deals income. Additionally, we expect that the snail veil have 5% in the market share.4. Portraying the advanced item First, Moisturizing, skin brightening and reestablishing the skin cells are the 3 central point that Hong Kong individuals generally concerned. Our snail cover has 80% of Snail Secretion Filtrate. This fixing can assist with expanding the versatility of skin viably and renew the harmed skin. Likewise, among all snail covers from different brands in the market, our item co ntains the most elevated convergence of Snail Secretion Filtrate. Also, we include almond oil and aloe vera so as to build the dampness of the veil, include milk for skin brightening. Second, Hong Kong individuals like item in high caliber and effective.Although our snail maskââ¬â¢s selling cost is somewhat higher than different brands, we can guarantee that our fixings are characteristic and originated from France with the goal that the quality is protected and acceptable. In addition, for the paper cover, it is exceptionally detailed with 3D innovation. It gives ideal wearability to the veil and permit the treatment pith rapidly sink into the skin. Third, Hong Kong individuals are judicious of picking covers. Our organization is a notable Korean skincare organization and has great reputation.And we additionally have branches in Hong Kong. So as to pick up customersââ¬â¢ trust, they can recover their cash if the item has any issues. Finally, the requirements of men keeping up their skin are rising. In this manner, our productââ¬â¢s remarkable recipe can be fit both menââ¬â¢s and womenââ¬â¢s skin. It is advantageous and couples can keep up their skin together by utilizing our mask.5. The objective client in HK After our considerations, we concluded that the snail cover just propelled in Hong Kong. One of the explanation is Hong Kong is affected by the South Korean design profoundly, especially restorative items. Individuals in Hong Kong have aâ requirement of top notch healthy skin item .They have certainty of the Korea brand and simple to manufacture brand picture and dependability. Moreover, regardless of male or female, they keep up their skin by utilizing healthy skin items. So we pick the objective client in Hong Kong as the item is moderately simple to enter the market and help organization to acquire benefit. Despite what might be expected, we don't pick the objective client in China. It is on the grounds that we trust the snail would fi rst be able to attempt the temperature of a littler market.6. Advancement toolsAdvertising Endorser Invite Korean well known icons â⬠Kang Gary and Song ji hyo. They play as Monday couple of running man which is the mainstream TV program in Korea and Hong Kong. As our item is appropriate for both male and female, our advancement initially center around couplesââ¬â¢ market of Hong Kong. Their coupleââ¬â¢s pictures are appropriate for advancing our item. We will request that they come to Hong Kong to advance the snail mask.Mtr Station and Bus stopSet a banner at the light box of mtr station and transport stop. Transportation can without much of a stretch contact with target advertise, on the grounds that there are solid progressions of individuals at every open vehicle conjunction, The likelihood of reaching objective client will be increase.FacebookBecause facebook is the most mainstream social site on the planet, the quantity of clients represented 16% of the world, at Hong Kong it has 3.65 million clients. We will build up the fans page on facebook, likewise the initial 100 clients who snap like to our page can get a preliminary result of veil free. They can get it from our shop in Mong Kok . It can build the opportunity of reaching objective client and free preliminary item can make clients give us a feedback.TV advertisingIt is the best thought of publicizing, since TV is regular in this 21st century, TV is in all over. Despite the fact that utilizing TV adverting is costly, it can contact with target client adequately. We will request that our publicizing endorser film an advertisment for our items. Likewise it must be highâ frequency of appearing around evening time, it can concentrate on the couplesââ¬â¢ marketYoutube channelYoutube is the most famous video-share site on the planet. Each video begins playing on youtube, you should watch a little commercial first, however the time just have fifteen seconds. We can make a short advertisment an d as yet including our publicizing endorser.Others We will arrange some road advancement in other to pull in individuals who don't utilize Facebook normally. Furthermore, we will employ a few models to disperse some preliminary item to the walker who fit our objective group.7. Spending plan for advancement The absolute financial plan is $700000 HKD.Advertising Endorserââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬$300000HKD (it has a markdown as of now, since we are the nearby organization of Korea)Mtr Station and Bus stopââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬- $100000HKDFacebookââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬$10000HKD (counting the example, the pay rates of innovation team)TV advertisingââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬$200000HKDYoutubeââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬$70000HKDFor others ââ¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬Ã¢â¬$20000HKD (counting having any accident)8. Activity Plan 1. Discover Korean Agents Company to talk about the agreement of those two well known symbols and organize the timetable of their job.2. The spot of preliminary item appropriation will set up at downto wn like Causeway Bay and Mong Kok, it pulls in more customers.3. Contact with KMB and MTR, talk about the contractâ and the position of our poster.4. Contact with TVB and Youtube HK to talk about the indicating time of our promotion. gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-9412199501934092742020-07-31T13:20:00.001-07:002020-07-31T13:20:03.659-07:00Life Lessons From Pistol ClassLife Lessons From Pistol Class Technically, there isnt much to shooting a pistol. Load rounds into magazine. Insert magazine. Release the bolt. Grip as in a firm handshake. Inhale, raise arm. Exhale a little, press gently on the trigger until you meet resistance, lower arm to target. Focus on the front sight. Without taking your focus off that front sight, gently press harder, ignore the BANG!, pull the trigger all the way back and keep sight on target even though the bullet is already long gone. Technically, the hardest part is keeping your arm steady, if youre like me and have almost no muscles above your hips. Its no surprise, then, that Mike Conti (the MIT PE pistol instructor) tells his classes that shooting is 90% mental and 10% technical. Here are four life lessons from pistol class, typed up (ironically) while I skip pistol class to fly to Los Angeles (dont worry, Mike is cool with it) 1. ReMOVE the magazine. RePLACE the magazine. Each class, Mike verbally directs our warm-up routine: Remove the magazine. Replace the magazine. He uses the same intonation and inflection patterns every time (ReMOVE the magazine. RePLACE the magazine). I can hear his voice in my head, as I type this. Its soothing to step through a routine with a very familiar soundtrack: my brain knows whats coming up, it has no reason to panic about what to do next, and my heartbeat slows down. One afternoon during high school, I had a bad break-up during lunch period and couldnt bear the thought of going to class. So, unable to face the world (or my stand partner) and feeling very sorry for myself, I skipped band. Terrified at the prospect of my school calling my parents to report an unexcused absence, I e-mailed my mom explaining the circumstances. The essence of her response was: its fine, do what you need to do, but realize that you will probably feel better if you just go to class, even though thats the last thing you feel like doing. At MIT, there are inevitably periods when the semester gets out of control: the work pile overflows, I sleep through my alarm, I run out of cereal, etc. When all hell breaks loose, an alter-ego PANIC MODE version of my brain steps in. Dont worry! it says. Ill save you! Stop going to class so that you can do more of your work; otherwise you wont get everything done! Sleep three hours later than usual, because sleeping is great! PANIC MODE alter-ego brain is good at its job, which is to make emergency short-term decisions. Feeling exhausted? Sleep. Dont have enough free time to finish that pset today? Skip class to work on the pset instead. This is great on timescales of a single day or even a couple of days. But then the rough period passes (as rough periods inevitably do) and my usual brain takes over again and says HOW COULD YOU BE SO SHORT-SIGHTED?? LOOK WHAT YOU DID: (image courtesy of xkcd) Dont listen to PANIC MODE brain. It doesnt make good long-term decisions. Resist dropping rank, resist dropping your usual routines with reckless abandon in a desperate attempt to hold too many things together. 2. Dont forget to bring your glasses My classmate forgot to bring her glasses for our end-of-semester shooting competition. She was pretty bummed out. Fortunately, my eyesight is so bad that it is physically impossible for me to travel more than a few feet without noticing that Ive left my glasses somewhere. But really bring your glasses. 3. Dont be distracted by others gunshots When you hear a gunshot, its tempting to sneak a glance across the range and see how well your classmate is doing. The goal, of course, is to compare his or her performance to yours, because were all obsessed with knowing in real-time how we measure up to others. This is a bad idea, regardless of what you see: 1) If your classmate is doing better than you are, you might get nervous and anxious. Pressure mounts. Your pulse goes from a stroll to a speedwalk, or a jog, which is destructive to your steady shooting. PANIC MODE brain might step in to make some rash change-of-tactics decisions. 2) If your classmate is doing worse than you are, you might get over-confident and lose your focus. Essentially, if youre looking at someone elses target, it means youre not focused on your own shooting. During a round, keep your eye on your own target. Fire each shot with as much focus as you can. After youre all done, look around if you really cant help yourself. 4. Every shot counts I cant tell you, Mike told us, how many times Ive seen this happen. The goal is to fire six rounds. The competitor fires five perfect rounds, gets cocky, and the sixth goes totally haywire, ruining his score and essentially rendering all five previous successes meaningless. If things are going well, dont get complacent, because in the end the last shot is just as important as the first. Similarly, if your first shot is no good, dont give up and say TO HELL WITH IT I DONT CARE ABOUT THIS STUPID COMPETITION ANYWAY. Get over it, and shift your focus to making five perfect shots. For all you know, the person youre competing against might not have taken Mike Contis pistol class: he might have watched you mess up, gotten complacent, lost focus, and misplaced his last shot. gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-12070686532391758662020-05-22T20:46:00.001-07:002020-05-22T20:46:02.460-07:00Pain Perception Pain And Pain - 924 Words Pain Perception According to John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.), pain is an uncomfortable feeling that tells you something may be wrong. It can be fixed, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pinching, or described in many other ways. Pain is categorized as either acute or chronic. Acute pain is usually severe and brief, and is often a signal that your body has been injured. Chronic pain can vary from mild to severe and is there for long periods of time (John Hopkins Medicine, n.d). This paper will discuss a scenario that entails which person is experiencing the most pain, how two people can have the same procedure experience different levels of pain, factors that contribute to each personââ¬â¢s pain level, and two complementary/alternative methods of pain control. Who is Experiencing the Greater Amount of Pain? ââ¬Å"Mr. Clark (white Anglo-Saxon) and Mrs. Wong (Chinese) have had a total hip replacement. Mr. Clark has a client-controlled analgesic pump (PCA) and is receiving a small dose of morphine every 10 minutes. He scales his pain as an 8 on a numerical scale of 0 to 10. Mrs. Wong refused the morphine pump and prefers to use over-the-counter Motrin for the pain. She scales her pain as a 3 on a numerical scale of 0 to 10â⬠(L.Barrow, personal communication, August 20, 2016). Pain is subjective, meaning it is whatever the experiencing person says it is. People tolerate pain differently. Mr. Clark has a low tolerance for pain according to the rate of 8 on the pain scale. As a result, he needs aShow MoreRelatedPain And Perception Of Pain1220 Words à |à 5 PagesPain is not only defined as a sensation or a physical awareness, but also entails perception. Moreover, pain is an unpleasant and an uncomfortable emotion that is transferred to the brain by sensory neurons. There are various kinds of pain and how one perceives them is varied as well. Certain parts of the brain also play a key role in how one feels pain such as the parietal lobe, which is involved in interpreting pain while the hypothalamus is responsible for the response to pain one has. AlthoughRead MoreThe Effects Of The Perception Of Pain1196 Words à |à 5 Pages The subjective human response to acute pain is a response that is most often self-reported and is dependently measured on a pain sc ale by health care providers. 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This is known as pain perception. Different pain experiences are usually based on the location and severity of pain of an injury. However, evidence has shown that pain perception is not entirely dependent on physical injury; when pain perception is less/greater than expected from the extent of a gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-50510633740218813152020-05-10T10:06:00.001-07:002020-05-10T10:06:03.250-07:00The Social Work Of A Social Worker - 1585 Words As a social worker, we are essentially given the opportunity to utilize our past and personal experiences, educational background, and diverse relationships to make a difference in countless peopleââ¬â¢s lives. Whether we choose to dedicate ourselves to practicing micro or macro social work, we can influence the outcomes of social policies, assist clients with obtaining basic necessities, or change a personââ¬â¢s thought processes by applying psychosocial theories as necessary. However, we are obligated to pay close attention to the ways in which we interact with our assigned clients, administer and assess outcomes of therapeutic interventions, and do what we think will ultimately benefit our clientââ¬â¢s well-being. Considering that a Masterââ¬â¢s in Social Work is a professional position, general practitionerââ¬â¢s guidelines must be followed; hence the purpose of the NASW Code of Ethics, the CSWE Educational Policy and Standards, and precise HIPAA adherence. The preamble of the NASW Code of Ethics states, ââ¬Å"The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty (www.socialworkers.org).â⬠Following that statement, the six purposes of the NASW Code of Ethics are expressed to the reader in seriated form. The guiding principles for social work practice are outlined, ethical principles and their valuesShow MoreRelatedSocial Workers And Social Work Essay1165 Words à |à 5 Pages In today`s society, social work as a profession has changed enormously over time. Many interviews, samples and surveys from individuals have been taken over the years about the perception of social workers. Earlier samples of surveys and interviews have shown that social work was not always a popular profession, but now social workers are popular publicly. 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The future is our children. We all have some child(ren) in our lives whom we love dearly and would probably die for them. They are our future. Many of those children need help; mental, emotional, and physical help. If these children do not receive help, our future will be worse than the present is now. Social workers can help fix that. In the last paper, I addressed the issue of social status/work. The work status fluctuates greatly pending on the fieldRead MoreThe Social Work Of A Social Worker1551 Words à |à 7 PagesUnder the social work profession, social workers embrace the principle of social justice and are committed to work toward achieving social change. In direct practice, social workers work with individuals living in poverty and subjected to all sorts of injustices. In social work, practitioners work in partnership with clients, when coming up with possible solutions to the presenting problems. It is important that in the process, social workers re main with a nonjudgmental attitude and look at howRead MoreSocial Work As A Social Worker1414 Words à |à 6 PagesWhat makes social work idiosyncratic unlike the rest is the willingness and passion to promote human well-being. I yearn and hunger to see growth of what is already innate. That is the reason psychology became my undeclared major. My ignorance of the social work role did create misconceptions and fears. I knew I had to be in some helping profession. I was not sure if I would do so through occupational therapy, psychology, teaching, or social work. I wanted to be a social worker, but I wasRead MoreSocial Worker And Social Work Essay1076 Words à |à 5 Pagesdefinition of what social work is. My view of social work was based off of movies that portrayed social workers as individuals who only worked with children. In these movies, the social worker was known as the Child Protective Agent and was called in when a child or children were being mistreated. After taking this course, I now know that my idea of a social worker, although right, was only the tip of an iceberg. The social worker does not only work with children, they work within a large social system thatRead MoreSocial Work : A Social Worker1033 Words à |à 5 Pagesbecome a social worker. Social work is a professional and academic discipline that works to improve the quality of life and enhance the wellbeing of individuals, families, couples, groups, and communities. Heather Holland is a Social Worker at Uniontown Hospital who has over 12 yearsââ¬â¢ experience in the field. She explains that a typical day on the job is far from easy. ââ¬Å"Days in this career are crazy, busy, and mostly, undeterminedâ⬠Holland explains of her days on the job. Social work is a veryRead MoreSocial Workers And Social Work1652 Words à |à 7 Pageslarge component of the social work profession is cultural competency. According to the National Association of Social Workers, in order to be culturally competent, social workers should understand culture and itsââ¬â¢ role in society (National Association of Social Workers [NASW], 2008). Social workers should be able to recognize the strength of each culture, have knowledge of their clientsââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ cultures, and provide cul turally sensitive services to each individual with whom they work with (NASW, 2008). Is gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-56775721571930526872020-05-06T10:45:00.001-07:002020-05-06T10:45:41.833-07:00Case Study Team and Team Processes Free Essays In the case study Team and Team Processes, Nurse A and Nurse B have two different concepts of what is team work. Johnson (2009) states that,â⬠a team is a type of group. Consequently, all teams are groups, but not all groups are teams. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Team and Team Processes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following three interventions will discuss conflict management, role conflict, and striving toward the same goal. This paper will discuss the case study variances in Nurse A and Nurse B teams. In the following paper I will classify a minimum of three interventions to recommend addressing concerns expressed by Nurse B. The interventions being discussed are conflict management, role conflict, and striving toward the same goal. In closing, the recommended interventions will be justified and explanation. A group consists of two or more people who interact with each other and share a common purpose (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). A team is a type of group (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). Teams are a critical fragment of any group, particularly within healthcare organization. Each person on a team plays a vital role in ensuring that all needs are met, task are completed daily, and patients are being cared for properly. Teams are an important portion of any organization, particularly within healthcare. Each person on a team plays a vibrant part in confirming all organization prerequisites are met, undertaking are complete regularly, and patients are properly being cared for. Teamwork and collaboration between all health professionals results in high quality clinical care, and increased job satisfaction for staff (Begley, 2009). When team members disagree on the same goal, usually it ends in conflict among the team. Healthcare managers understand it is important to control and manage conflicts within the organization. The fundamentals to positive conflict management is for both teams to assist in solving the conflict and problem oppose to proving each other wrong. In the case study Nurse B express concerns regarding working with equivalent staff members of the surgical team. The moral and atmosphere of the team is increasingly deteriorating. In addition, the teamââ¬â¢s job contentment and desire to go to work has severely been impacted. For a team to be effective providing quality care, the atmosphere of the team should be received and respected. Better outcomes will be achieved when team members perceive supportive team atmosphere and an empowering team contact with clear and jointly developed goals, an appropriate mix of skill and expertise, and rewards links to team performance (Proenca 2007). After additional analysis of the case study, conflict management among team members should always be addressed. Resolving conflict can be a continuous balancing act for healthcare staff because it is demanding and confusing. Conflict management is vital for the success of healthcare organizations. Learning, as an organization, to constructively manage and succeed in conflict situations is a foundational construct of leadership and management (Ledlow, 2009). Currently six different conflict styles exist: (1) accommodating, (2) avoiding, (3) collaborating, (4) competing, (5) compromising and (6) problem solving. The surgical team displays conflict style of avoiding ââ¬Å"potential disruption outweighs the benefits of resolution, gathering information supersedes immediate decision making, others can resolve the conflict more effectively and issues seem a result of other issues,â⬠(Ledlow, 2009). Nurse B instead of having to contract the Physician Assistant regarding the issues, should have been comfortable enough to address the concern with the physician. The surgical team of Nurse B is experiencing role conflict. Conflict arises when a focal personââ¬â¢s ideas of his or her requirements are incongruent with expectations from roles set members (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). In healthcare organization it is important for all staff to know and understand his or her role. For Nurse B team to be an effective and successful team each member should identify what type of teams is essential and mutually allows the job to get done. When the teams comes together the effort will demonstrate group cohesion. Once the team is established, each member must continuously try to strive towards the same objectives and goals. A good recommendation for Nurse B surgical team is Intervention techniques. Intervention always help to improve situations among the team. Intervention can be wither conflict resolution or training sessions, team structure made by changes, and developing guidelines identifying team members roles. Intervention provides training for team members on what procedures are current and procedures no longer being utilized. Goal setting training leads to greater effectiveness at the individual level and improved team efficiency (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). In conclusion, the surgical team of Nurse B will be effective once teamââ¬â¢s members identify his or her conflicts and works as a team, consequently refining the effectiveness and value of the unit. In a team, individualsââ¬â¢ actions are interdependent and coordinated, each member has a specified role, and members share common task goals or objectives (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). Conflict management and role conflict can hinder the success of a team. Role conflict arises when a focal personââ¬â¢s ideas of his or her requirements are incongruent with expectations from role set members (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). Communication and trust is important to any team with a healthcare organization. A key element to healthy group dynamics is role expectation or communication. Healthcare managerââ¬â¢s role is to ensure that every person of the team understands what his or her role are. . Healthcare administrators must take steps to design better teams, train team members to work together, manage team performance, structure the work performed by the team and provide support to team members (Erpfeev, Glazer Ivanitskaya, 2009). How to cite Case Study Team and Team Processes, Free Case study samples gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-4417878256768959072020-04-29T17:45:00.001-07:002020-04-29T17:45:03.573-07:00Social Responsibility For Alcohol Makers Essays - Smoking Social Responsibility For Alcohol Makers Ways of being responsible Companies should examine the issues facing their industry in general and their company in particular, such as the trend to prevent cancer in the smoking industry. Companies should also look at the impacts they have on the community and region [the petrol case]. Doing these two things would keep the company fresh and familiar with trends, as said earlier and changes in the buying environment, which Bennetton could of used in their problem in Germany. There is also a need to be sensitive to the community's feelings and needs, meaning that caution is required when designing packages or advertisements for a product so not to trigger a negative public response. Keep the idea that there are religious groups, races, or someone of another sex that might be offended. After a promotion is set up it should be culturally tested and the examined to see the effectiveness on sales after release as well as it's effect on the consumers and their perception of the promotions/advertisements. After all perception is everything. Another idea is to also have product tested by a sample group, just be for release, in order to see what response will be obtained from the public. This is to see if the response would be favorable or negative. For example, 2 years ago Nike released a shoe that had a logo on it that angered Moslems in the United States and forced Nike to recall the entire line of shoes for redesign. The shoe had a logo, which looked like a burning tree [such as in the bible]. This testing should be implemented in the different locations of the release of the product since there are different cultural values, beliefs, and perceptions. There should also be a good product recall program, developed a head of schedule as an eventual alternative to the development of a product, as a safety precaution. If after the release of a product defects are detected, there should not be any delay on recalling the product from the market. Failure to do this could result in either business suicide or face the possibility of lots of legal ramifications in the bitter near future. Image management When being accused of polluting the environment, image management should come into play. This could be done by a number of ways: 1. Keep a list of positive things the company does, which it can use in replies to letters and media inquiries: we use rechargeable batteries; our people drive low-polluting vehicles; our packaging reduction program has cut waste by __ percent, or __ thousands of tons per year. Sponsor a partner on a green event with another business, non- profit organization, or school: beach, road, or lake shore little cleanup. You could also say, we recycle. 2. Give away items to your customers with recycling, energy-saving, water-saving, and other ecological tips on them. Produce public service ads for local papers about your model environmental practices. Stage a weekly contest at your company, mall, or business community for environmental improvements, i.e., least total garbage produced, most packaging reduced, hazardous material substitute discovered, etc. Pay bonuses for or award prizes for greatest savings generated to the company. 3. Sponsor an environmental program on public radio or television, donate office equipment to an environmental group, or donate a portion of property as a public gardening plot. Donate to school environmental programs, non-profit environmental groups, garden clubs, and other organizations that work in partnership with businesses and citizens to improve environmental health. Work with a youth organization on a community-based environmental project, such as plastics recycling, or a hazardous waste or litter clean up day. Alert media to your participation. Call the media any time you sponsor an event [good publicity]. One method of curing problem of excess waste: Encourage employees and staff to report any resource wastes and environmental concerns. Place efficiency posters, stickers, or balloons where energy, water, and materials around heavily commuted areas at work [post in places like bathrooms, employee lounges, cafeterias, and kitchens]. Use conservation slogans or messages, change locations to keep up interest. Place articles about conservation and efficiency in company newsletters or on bulletin boards. Attach resource and efficiency messages to employee paychecks and invoices. Reward employees for gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-59630769477688543962020-03-20T19:17:00.001-07:002020-03-20T19:17:02.465-07:00The Test EssayThe Test Essay The Test Essay Concept Development for Linear Media Narrative Structure | Storyboards | Animatics When was the last time you watched a movie on DVD? Did you ever watch any of the behind-the-scenes content on the disc? Ever wonder how the movie was filmed and put together? If you're fortunate enough, the DVD will probably even show you some storyboards (or animatics) and how close the final shots were to the original storyboard sketches. We'll be covering how valuable storyboards can be in your design process for linear media, especially when trying to tell a story that will captivate the targeted audience. | | Narrative Structure | | Before creating a storyboard, you have to be able to tell a proper story first, and that's exactly what narrative structure is. When coming up with a story, some things to remember are that it should be engaging, entertaining, and be able to stir up your audience's emotions! Think about some of your favorite movies and some scenes that really tugged at your heart or captured your imagination. If you're going to learn from the best, you'll need to have a critical eye for how those scenes were shot and edited and how that story unfolded. Don't be afraid to study some of your favorite movies for techniques that you could incorporate into your own skill set. If you look at any story, the basic narrative structure is comprised of an introduction, body, climax, and conclusion. Most stories you hear or see are probably told chronologically, which means the sequence of events were told in the order that they happened. But when you create a narrative, the order in which these events are told doesn't have to be in sequence! Remember the movie Memento by Christopher Nolan? There's an example of a narrative that didn't stick to the classic formula of storytelling. If you've never seen it, the story was basically told backward, which really altered the way the audience perceived the characters and events that occurred throughout the movie. There are numerous opportunities to craft effective stories that can communicate old or current problems, new features, and what makes a particular product stand out. With animation and video becoming increasingly popular and heavily utilized on websites, and broadband access being adopted by more of the population, the possibilities are endless. Narrative structure depends heavily on cinematic techniques involving camera placement, angle, and distance to and from the subject of interest or focal point. The easiest way to learn cinematic language is to create a reverse storyboard of existing commercials. This means that you can go to YouTube, find your favorite commercial and roughly sketch each shot. (A shot is from camera on to camera off, or when an angle or view changes.) In this way, you can teach yourself how to use extreme close-ups, close-ups, medium shots, and long shots (establishing shots) to tell a story to your audience. Cinematic language also utilizes metaphors. What is a metaphor? It is similar to a symbol, but it uses something familiar to explain something that might be more complex. For example, "Love is a rose" is a metaphor using a simple object like a rose to explain the complicated concept of love. Directors and cinematographers use metaphor to create mood and further a story. A good example is in The Shining when Jack is writing feverishly at the typewriter, but later we see through Wendy's eyes that he has been typing "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" over and over again. The typewriter becomes a metaphor to describe Jack's deteriorating sanity. The most important thing to remember about the use of metaphors is that they seldom include the words "like" or "as." A metaphor ''is" something else. | | Storyboards | | Storyboards are typically made up of a series of quick sketches displayed in sequence to help visualize a wide variety of media such as films, cartoons, websites, and video games. A storyboard looks like a roughly gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-72803364837075913322020-03-04T11:04:00.001-08:002020-03-04T11:04:02.785-08:00SUNY Brockport Admissions Data and Acceptance RateSUNY Brockport Admissions Data and Acceptance Rate SUNY Brockport is a generally accessible school, admitting over half of applicants. Students can apply to the school through the SUNY website, or with the Common Application. Prospective students will also have to submit SAT or ACT scores, high school transcripts, and letters of recommendation. Check out the schools website for more information. Calculate your chances of getting inà with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) SUNY Brockport Acceptance Rate: 55à percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Brockport AdmissionsTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450 / 550SAT Math: 470 / 570SAT Writing: - / -(what these SAT numbers mean)(SUNY SAT comparison chart)ACT Composite: 20à / 25ACT English: 18à / 24ACT Math: 20à / 26(what these ACT numbers mean)(SUNY ACT comparison chart) SUNY Brockport Description SUNY Brockport, or the College at Brockport, is a selective university and member of the State University of New York system. Brockport is a highly ranked Masters-granting college with a 17 to 1à student/facultyà ratio. Founded in 1835 and located 16 miles west of Rochester along the Erie Canal, the college has a long and rich history. The college offers 42 undergraduate majors and has 65 programs abroad in over 20 countries. Roughly three-quarters of all students receive some form of grant aid, and the college has earned high marks in national rankings for its educational value. In athletics, popular sports include football, soccer, track and field, hockey, and lacrosse. Explore the campus with theà SUNY Brockport Photo Tour Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 8,243à (7,128à undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 44à percent male / 56 percent female89 percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $7,928à (in-state); $17,778 (out-of-state)Books: $1,330Room and Board: $12,418Other Expenses: $1,660Total Cost: $23,336à (in-state); $33,186 (out-of-state) SUNY Brockport Financial Aid (2015 - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 90 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 74 percentLoans: 74à percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $7,009Loans: $7,868 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:à Accounting, Art, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Criminal Justice Studies, English, History, Nursing, Physical Education Teaching and Coaching, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?à Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation, Retention and Transfer Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 82 percentTransfer Out Rate: 23 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 48 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 68à percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:à Football, Soccer, Hockey, Swimming, Track and Field, Baseball, Wrestling, Lacrosse, Cross CountryWomens Sports:à Soccer, Softball, Cross Country, Track and Field, Field, Hockey, Swimming, Tennis, Volleyball, Cross Country Learn About Other SUNY Campuses Albanyà |à Alfred Stateà |à Binghamtonà |à Brockportà |à Buffaloà |à Buffalo Stateà |à Cobleskillà |à Cortlandà |à Env. Science/Forestryà |à Farmingdaleà |à FITà |à Fredoniaà |à Geneseoà |à Maritimeà |à Morrisvilleà |à New Paltzà |à Old Westburyà |à Oneontaà |à Oswegoà |à Plattsburghà |à Polytechnicà |à Potsdamà |à Purchaseà |à Stony Brook If You Like SUNY Brockport, You May Also Like These Schools Nazareth College: Profileà Alfred University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphIthaca College: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphCanisius College: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphSyracuse University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphUtica College: Profileà St. John Fisher College: Profileà Binghamton University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphStonybrook University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphHobart William Smith College: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-60057062647574754122020-02-17T02:31:00.001-08:002020-02-17T02:31:03.375-08:00Greek methodology's effects on ancient socialization EssayGreek methodology's effects on ancient socialization - Essay Example Greek mythology has heavily influenced their culture and socialization, especially when it comes in their sexual beliefs, may it be having a patriarchal society, or just their plain sexual norms. Myths are actually the beliefs of people what are subtly disguised as a form of literature. In fact, because so much of these myths are creation stories, many of people believe that most myths are factual. Greek mythology is quite sexual in nature. Then again, sexual identity is very cultural as well, as our sense of self is rooted in sexual mythology as well. This is because the sexuality of a society is cleverly reflected in their literature. Sex is actually the core of culture. This is ironic considering the mainstream Western belief actually makes sex taboo, even sacred. Many of these Western societies believe that sexuality comes from the individual as it is a private subject. Ironically, sex is the core of every culture. Consider this, without sex or reproduction for that matter, there would be no culture, society, religion, art, etc. Basically there would be nothing if sex is not in the picture. And as evolved creatures, humans are programmed to reproduce. Christians believe in the story of Genesis. In Genesis, the creation of the world and man and woman is the plot of the story. In it, the first two people were Adam and Eve, and Eve was made from Adamââ¬â¢s flesh, making Eve a mere second-class citizen. But in other myths, specifically in the Talmud, before Eve came Lilith. Lilith here was the first wife of Adam. And unlike Eve, she was made from dust, like Adam. She was also one of the wives of Satan, but because she was deemed ââ¬Å"wildâ⬠, she left Satan and joined Adam. Their coupling was also deemed to be unfit for longevity because Lilith demanded equality with Adam. It is a logical wish since Lilith came from the same dust where Adam came from. Adam opposed this and they fought; Lilith left and proceeded to live in air. Adam prayed to God gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-75034097959320043532020-02-03T03:36:00.001-08:002020-02-03T03:36:02.957-08:00Week 3 Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsWeek 3 Reflection - Assignment Example The most neutral designation would perhaps be to provide initially the client with the level of change that is available to the organization and the models therein. This would provide a broad scope for the client to understand the needed change and the impact the level of change adopted will have to the organization. Leading technical change is probably the most significant and difficult leadership consultant responsibility. The effective consultant is required to facilitate adaptation thus revitalize an organization in a changing environment. However, it is important to note that many organizations operations have become very dynamic, and thus value level change is in many cases preferred. Nonetheless, the technical level change initiative would not yield the same result as value level change and can affected through effective institutional leadership. Organization changes will happen and affected within an organization at various levels. Likewise, the model favors incorporating various dynamics organizational change to the latter. This is in consideration that the client who is the organization has decided not to incorporate a value level gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-27179805810632441172020-01-26T00:00:00.001-08:002020-01-26T00:00:06.915-08:00Effects of Audit Fees on Audit QualityEffects of Audit Fees on Audit Quality Chapter 1 In this part of dissertation, there is a grief introduction about this dissertation, which includes the following context: the background and overview of related researches in this paper; the motivation for doing this study and a introduction of the structure of this paper. Introduction Firth (1997) notices that the responsibility of auditor is reporting comparative correct financial information to shareholders in an independent position. However, what makes regulators concern more about is the client-auditor relationship, especially the economic relation, which formed in the long-term cooperation may have impact on auditors independent position. For a long time, because of the dependence of auditors fees on client firms, therefore, the controversy about whether this economic dependence might impair auditors independence position and audit quality make many empirical researches in the area. The impairment of audit independence caused by the economic relationship will result in the audit opinion shopping. Previous studies consider about the affects of audit fees on audit quality in two ways: high audit fees paid to auditors may be the reflection of the complexity of auditing process and also increase auditors effort. However, on the other hand, large audit fees paid to auditors might easy to build the economic bonding between client and auditors, thus, auditors are easy to compromise to audit independence, as the fear of losing highly profitable fees. Though a lot studies have researched the relationship between audit fees and audit quality, most of the studies just have blue results for their studies (Hoitash, Markelevich and Barragato, 2007). Basing on the theory that examining the fees paid by client firms will better analyze the relation between audit independence and audit quality, this paper uses the methodology consistent with the way used in previous studies, i.e. Kinney and Libby (2002), Choi, Kim and Zang (2006), Hoitash et al (2007), in which develop a methodology that is depended on the notion that audit fees related to expected fees have effect on audit independence and quality. Therefore, being same as previous studies here will use to audit fees model to measure the expected fees in order to compare with the actual fees paid to auditor. Using the methodology in Choi, Kim and Zangs (2006) study, the differences between actual fees and expected fees are divided into two parts: the positive one and negative one, which helps us to compare whether there is any different reflection when auditors are paid less or excess their expectation. As for the proxy for examining audit quality, the discretionary accruals mode l which drawn from previous literature are selected. As suggested by Choi, Kim and Zang (2006), the modified Jones model for discretionary accruals is used in this paper. The variables in models are selected according to previous studies which consider the influence on audit fees from perspectives of client firms sizes, auditing risk, complexity and the size of audit firms (Chan, Ezzamel and Gwilliam, 1993). Beside dividing abnormal fees into positive subsample and negative subsample, the combined sample is cut into other two subsample which are based to the sizes of audit firms, which aims to examine the different behaviors to audit fees between BIG4 auditors and NON-BIG4 auditors. Thus, the objective in this paper is to prove whether abnormal fees might result in lower audit quality and whether there is different behavior to abnormal fees between BIG4 and NON-BIG4 auditors. Continuing the previous study which is finished by Chan, Ezzamel and Gwilliam (1993), this study uses the data collected from UK market in order to find out related evidence from this market and 787 observations cover the period from 2006-2008 are collected from UK quoted public companies will help to examine audit fees paid to auditors. In addition to examine the relation between abnormal audit fees and audit quality, this study also follows the investigation which is finished by Ashbaugh, LaFond and Mayhew (2003) which focuses the study on whether the payment of non-audit fees has influence on audit independence. To extent this study, the paper here will test the ratio of non-audit fees to total fees paid to auditors which aims to find whether there is a positive relation between increased ratio of non-audit fees and decreased audit quality. Being different with Ashbaugh et als (2003) research which analyzes non-audit fees in full sample, this non-audit fees here will be analyzed in subsample with positive abnormal fees and subsample of negative fees respectively, thus, whether non-audit fees have different influences on audit quality when auditors are paid higher or lower fees than their expectation should be examined. The motivation for doing this study is based on the aim that finding out whether the economic bonding between auditors and client firms is existed really, as this relationship is one of the most controversial topic in public and academic area, especially after the Enron even and the failure of Anderson, this topic motivates more and more interesting in this area. However, according to the results of previous studies, many studies failed to prove the existent of this relationship between auditors and client firms, and the results in other relative studies are ambiguous. Moreover, because of active economic environment and accounting events, most studies paid attention on American market, as for other markets, seldom of relative investigations can be found. The aim in this study is try to find out relative evidence from UK market. The structure of this paper follows: the next part is a literature review in related area which introduced both early and latest studies; and then is the development of hypotheses the resource of relative theory and the contribution of hypotheses are included in this part. The design of methodology is presented in chapter 4 which has a description of important models in detailed. Furthermore, the chapter after it is the description of sample and the result of test, which is also the center of this study. The limitation and conclusion will be displayed in the last chapter which gives an overview and comment of this study. Chapter 2 There is a literature review of relative studies in this part. The literature review covers the studies in relative area which includes the result of studies and the development of methodology related to the investigation. The primary previous studies are displayed and concluded in this chapter. 1. The importance of auditor independence Since the collapse of Enron in US and the scandal of Andersen, the worlds capital market confidence was reduced (Beattie and Fearnley, 2002). A large of the attention is paid on accounting and auditing practices, especially on the auditor independence. As some scholars (Beattie and Fearnley, 2002) point about that the independence of auditor is the base of the public confidence to audit process and the guarantee of the quality of financial information. In addition to this, rather than a benefit to investors, auditing also reduces the cost of information exchange for two sides (Douch, 1980 and Simunic, 1982). From these words, we can easily know that a high quality of auditing information might ensure the reliability of market information, therefore, many experts in this area focus their empirical researched on factors for the reduction of auditor independence in order to find out the reasons for impairing auditor independence. The economic bonding between client and auditor account f or an important position in this kind of research. 2. Review on the payment of high audit fees on opinion shopping DeAngelo (1981) shows the evidence through investigating the low balling phenomenon in audit market that when audit firms have a significant economic benefit on client firms, audit quality and independence are easy to be reduced. The same as DeAngelos (1981) research, Magee and Tseng (1990) also have similar conclusion. Authors extend the previous research (DeAngelo, 1981) to find out in which condition the economic bonding may lead to the impairment of audit independence. The study provides a result that when auditors compensation is tied to the decision of audit opinion and then, their independence is more likely to compromise to economic bonding. Frankel, Johnson and Nelson (2002) take the research in this area to provide empirical evidence for the relation between audit fees and earnings management. Their study is based on data selected from 3074 proxy statement listed in SEC in the period from Feb 5, 2001 to June 15, 2001. The evidence of this research confirms the assumption th at there is an association between audit fees and the possibility of the compromise of audit independence. Kinney and Libby (2002) continue the research from Frankel, Johnson and Nelson (2002). Through analyzing the empirical research which has been done in the previous study, authors draw up a conclusion that auditors are probable to loss their independence in reducing their willingness to resist with client-induced biased in reporting audit opinion, when there is a strong economic benefit between auditors and clients. However, some empirical tests in the same area conclude the opposite results. Craswell, Stokes and Laughton (2002) do the research to indentify whether fee dependence have impairment on audit independence. They do the research from both aspects of national market level and local market level, but they find evidence neither from national market level and local market level can demonstrate that fee dependence has negative impact on audit quality. In other words, the economic bonding is not existed in the auditor-client relationship. In the following paragraphs, literature review about the impact of abnormal audit fees and non-audit fees on audit opinion shopping are shown. 2 .1 The review of abnormal audit fees on opinion shopping From the literature review above, the evidence for the opinion shopping through the behavior of paying high non-audit fees is still absent. And some auditors (Kanodia and Mukferji,1994) point out that switching incumbent auditors cause clients loss initial engagement and negotiate fees, beside this, switching auditors is less likely for client firms to achieve clean opinion (Chow and Rice, 1982) and event more conservative audit opinion (Krishnan, 1994). Therefore, comparing with paying high non-audit services fees and switching auditors, paying auditors with higher audit fees is a more efficient and less risk approach in opinion shopping (Fang and Hong, 2004). However, although there are some proofs can provide the assumption that higher audit fees, on some extent, can exert impact on audit quality, to analyze the relation between abnormal audit fees and audit quality, there are many factors should be concerned about, as these factors (no just economic bonding) also result in high fees. Some practitioners extend their research in this area by analyzing the association abnormal between audit fees and the changes in audit opinions. Hoitash, Markelevich and Barragato (2007) consider the high audit fees paid to auditors on two aspects: one is the positive side which suggests paying high fees can increase auditors effort in their jobs, thus, the quality also be improved; the other is the negative side which suggests that high audit fees paid to auditors may enhance the economic dependence on clients, thus, auditors independence is easy to compromise to economic benefit and audit quality also reduced. In the research, they examine the fees paid to auditors between the period over 2000-2003, using two metrics to assess audit quality: the accruals quality measure and the absolute value of performance-adjusted discretionary accruals. They predict abnormal audit fees by using pricing model from previous studied Simunic (1980), and consider about the factors may have impact on fess pricing, such as risk, complexity, and company size. The outcome of this investigation shows the conclusion that abnormal audit fees might result in economic bonding and thus impair audit quality. Similarly, Choi, Kim, and Zang (2006) have the same category of abnormal audit fees: the positive abnormal fees and the negative abnormal fees, the sample in this research constituted by the data collected from 9820 listed large companies audit fees observations during 2000-2003 period. Study also choose model from Simunic (1980) to estimate the audit fees. The result of the regression model shows that evidence that the possibility of auditors independence compromise to economic bonding is depending on whether clients may pay higher audit fees than the normal fees. In another word, audit quality will be impaired by abnormal fees. Fang and Hong (2004) also issue the opinion about the abnormal fees that high fees paid to auditors may be caused by the real improvement in companies; therefore, the positive increase in audit opinion may also cause the increase in audit fees. Authors examine the relation between abnormal audit fees and audit quality by comparing the audit opinion in present year with the prior year, and find out the association between the abnormal fees and the changes of opinions. The database in this research is comprised by Chinese listed companies during the period from 2000-2002. Through the testing in regression model, authors find that the result is consistent with the positive relation between abnormal audit fees and improvement in audit opinion, which provides evidence that client companies succeed in opinion shopping through overpaying to auditors. 2.2 The relation between the size of audit firms and audit quality But one point worth researcher to notice is the higher payment of audit fees does not mean the tendency of opinion shopping necessarily. Some evidences from other area can proof that the purpose of opinion shopping is not the only reason of high audit fees. Simunic (1980) issues his opinion in the research of audit pricing that the competition in audit market is function of fees pricing. The same as this theory, the research on the low balling behavior (DeAngelo, 1981; Kanodia and Mukferji, 1994) confirm the opinion that competitive market will produce influence on audit fees. In addition to this, the audit firm sizes, the quality of auditors also have effects on audit price. Francis (1984) analyzes the effect from audit firm size on audit fees. Author researches for the evidences by comparing the differences of audit fees of Big-8 (Big-4 now) firms and of non-Big-8 firms over the period from 1974-1978 in Australian market. The research provides the evidence that there is larger size audit firms will result in higher audit fees, at the same time, study demonstrates that higher audit fee is consistent with higher audit quality. The similar research is done recently by Choi, Kim, Liu and Simunic (2008) through using a large sample from 1 5 countries and a cross-country regression. Beside this, study links the research to audit characteristic and legal environment. After analyzing the difference between the fees in Big-4 firms and non-Big-4 firms, authors achieve the conclusion that the relation between firm size and the level of audit fees is existed. According to the interview finished among auditors (Chan, Ezzamel and Gwilliam, 1993), the BIG 6 and NON-BIG6 (BIG4 now) auditors confirm that the BIG6 premium might exist if comparing with very small audit firms, but no medium size firms. The interview here reflects a phenomenon that the difference in audit fees between BIG4 and NON-BIG4 audit firms are not so obvious. 2.3 The payment of non-audit services fees on opinion shopping The provision of non-audit services by audit firms to client firms is another controversial topic in opinion shopping. Policy makers argue that the provision of audit and non-audit services to same clients is possible to reduce the level of auditors independence (Houghton and Ikin, 2001). At the same time, auditors protect themselves by arguing that supplying non-audit services does not impair their independence, because these works are often be done by different partners and staff. For a long time, researchers have never stopped investigating in the area. 3. The influence of non-audit fees on audit independence As to the audit independence, there are many definitions for it. DeAngelo (1981a, p.186) defines audit independence as the conditional probability of reporting a discovered breach; Knapp (1985) provides the definition as the ability to resist client pressure; the definition from AICPA (1992) is an attitude/state of mind; according to Magill and Previts (1991) definition, audit independence is a function of character, with the attributes of integrity and trustworthiness being key and ISB (2000) defines audit independence as the freedom from those pressure and other factors that compromise, or can reasonably be expected to compromise, an auditors ability to make unbiased decisions. Although there are somewhat differences between those definitions of audit independence, they have a common point that is the importance of objectivity and integrity (Beattie and Fearnley, 2002). Beside provide the audit services to clients, audit firms also provide other services to clients, these services are called non-audit services, such as management advisory and consulting, but the compliance related services, such as taxation and accounting advice, are also included in them. However, as many experts (Beattie, Brandit and Fearnley, 1996) point out that this kind of non-audit services related closely to the annual reporting round. Therefore, the use of consultancy for non-audit services is somewhat wrong. What is discussing most in academy about the provision of non-audit services is the potential conflict of interest faced by audit firms who receive large non-audit fees from their audit clients. For example, after the Enron case, it was disclosed that Andersen received $25m in audit services fees and $27m for non-audit fees (Beattie and Fearnley, 2002). So, such high non-audit services fees paid to audit make public and scholars to suspect that the provision of non-audit services increases the economic bonding between auditors and clients. Many investigations are based on the assumption that the provision of non-audit fees reduces auditors independence, as they fear for losing high profit engagement with clients in the future; therefore, they are probably to give up independence for high profit. 3.1 The review of the researches in association between non-audit fees and audit quality In the early 1980s, researchers had found that the percentage the revenues from providing other services in audit firms had increased lot (Barkess and Simnett, 1994). The early empirical study is done by Simunic (1984). Author establishes his study on the assumption that those client companies who purchase non-audit services have a higher audit fees paid to auditors than audit fees from those companies who do not purchase non-audit services, and both of them hire the same incumbent auditors. In this investigation, author just focus the test in Big-8 (Big-4 now) firms, which avoids the differences on audit quality, and selects a database compromise of 397 US listed companies. From the research, he finds out than there is a positive relation between non-audit services and audit fees. Simon (1985) continues previous research (Simunic, 1984) in this area by using more recent data in the period from 1978-1983. His research depends on the voluntary disclosure from proxy statements (the non-audit services fee is not disclosed that time). His research also produces the result that client firms who purchase non-audit services have higher audit fees than those companies without the engagement of non-audit services with audit firms. The evidence from UK market (Ezzamel, Gwilliam and Holland, 1996) constitutes the research on the data from 314 UK listed companies. From the study, authors found out similar result consistent with previous researches (Simunic, 1984; Simon, 1985). To be different from above studies, this study joints non-audit services with other factors together to investigate the effects on audit pricing. Many previous researches have confirmed the phenomenon that the positive relationship between the purchase of non-audit services and higher audit fees paid by clients exists. But the existence of this relationship causes regulators, practitioners and publics attention about whether this economic bonding between client firms and auditors might impair audit independence. Barkess and Simnett (1994) concern about independence on two aspects, one perspective is to examine whether those clients purchase other services from auditors are less likely to receive qualified opinion; the other one is the determination of the relationship between the provision of other services and audit service by comparing those companies who provide non-auditor services but do not change auditors and those companies change auditors. In the study, the sample is compromised by the Top 500 listed companies in Australia for each of the years from 1986 to 1990. From the study, they conclude the result that 85%of the companies in the research purchased non-audit services from the incumbent auditors and the increase in the percentage in stable in the period. In addition to this, their result supports the point that there is a positive relationship between audit fees and the provision of non-audit services. As far as the audit independence concerned, their research show that there i s not identified relationship between the supply of non-audit services and the type of audit report, as they found that there were 308 qualified opinions in the total sample of 2094 audit reports. Therefore, they concluded that there was not enough evidence can demonstrate the hypotheses that auditors were less likely to issue the qualified opinion when the level of non-audit services to clients was higher. In other words, the provision of other services does not impair audit independence. However, Wines (1994) concluded the opposite result by testing 100 public companies on the Australian Stock Exchange at 30th June 1980, in the sample, 24 of these companies were failed to do the test, therefore, and author examined the 76 left for over the period of ten years. From the test in these 76 listed companies, author drawn up the findings that 7 of 76 companies paid a higher level of remuneration for non-audit services to auditor than the provision of audit services and those companies with non-qualified opinion had higher payment of non-auditor services fees than those companies with qualified opinion (28 companies. Hence, Wines gives the summary that the evidences from the research in 76 listed companies associate with the assumption that the provision of non-audit services has impairment on auditors independence. Wines (1994) also points out the limitation in his research is difficulty in assessing audit quality by considering the frequency with which auditing firms iss ue qualified opinions. However, one problem in Barkess and Simnett (1994) and Wine (1994) studies is that their sample is not large enough in test. Craswell (1999) makes advantage in his study by using a larger data sample and makes the evidence related to auditors actual decisions. The fiscal-year data chose by author to examine are obtained from who audit Australia, the sample is consisted by 885 public listed companies in 1984, 1477 in 1987 and 1079 in 1994, the results show that in each of the year (1984, 1987, 1994) the result does not associate with the assumption that non-audit services have negative effect on auditor independence, which is consistent with Barkess and Simnett (1994). But one limitation in his research is that this study just compares the companies with qualified opinions with those companies with unqualified opinions, while a better test should compare the companies with qualified opinions with such companies with clean opinions but experienced problems and likely to raise qualifications. Although most of the investigation have done by researchers show that the provision of non-audit services does not impair audit independence, regulators still hold the assumption that auditors will prefer to give up their independence in order to obtain more non-audit services fees from clients (DeFond, Raghunandan and Subramanyam, 2002), especially after the Enron accounting scandal. In 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (the Act) imposed the prohibition on the provision of non-auditor services, which based on the direction of enhancing auditor independence, reducing conflict of interest and the concern that all non-audit services were not created equal (American Institute of CPAs, 2002). At the same time, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC, 2002) made the revision the Commissions regulations related to the non-audit services, which are consistent with the content in Sarbanes-Oxley Act. After the prohibition on non-auditor services added in Sarbanes-Oxley Act and SEC was carried out, many scholars continue the prior researches in this area. Frankel, Johnoson and Nelson (2002) used a sample constituted of 3074 proxy statements, used two indicators (discretionary accruals and the likelihood of firms meeting earning benchmark), to test whether audit independence would be reduced when the non-audit services grew. The consequence of the research indicates the evidence that there is an association for the assumption that auditors likely tend to sacrifice their independence when the non-audit services fee is high. Ashbaugh, LaFond and Mayhew (2003) continued this research, but the conclusion challenges the results made by Frankel, Johnoson and Nelson (2002). In the test, they used the same indicators as prior one. In the test, they find that there is no relation between positive discretionary accruals and auditor fee metrics; furthermore, their test proof that the relatio n between fee ratio and the likelihood that firms beat analysts forecasts is not existed, in other words, auditors independence will not compromise to clients high non-audit services fees. 4. Review of the development of models In empirical studies, the relative models will help to connect independent variables together in order to analyze the relation between each variable. In the study of the relation between audit fees and audit quality, the most important models are the model for measuring audit fees and audit quality. In this part, a review of the development and modification of two models is displayed. 4.1 Review of the development of audit fees model Since Simunic (1984) develops the audit fees model in order to predict the expected audit fees, the model has been developed lot in these years. In the beginning, Simunic (1984) provides the theory that the audit fees level will be affected by the several factors, such as the client firms sizes, the complexity of auditing process, audit firms sizes and audit risk. The following scholars provide the related variables for model which the used to decide expected audit fee. Chan, Ezzamel and Gwilliam (1993) point out in their study audit size is an explanatory variable which has important influence on the determinant audit fees. In the study, authors suggest to use the measurement of turnover to control audit size, which is also the measurement of client firms sizes. However, the use of turnover as determining is not unproblematic because the definitions of turnover are varying widely between companies and industries. Therefore, to measure audit size and client firms sizes, many researchers choose the total assets as variable. To consistent with previous studies, Ashbaugh, LaFond and Mayhew (2003); Choi, Kim and Zang (2006); and Hoitash, Markelevich and Barragato (2007) use the nature log of total assets to control client firms sizes and audit size. In addition to using total assets and turnover as proxies to audit size, on most investigations, likes Ashbaugh et al (2003) choose the number of employees to quantize audit size. Both of these scholars use number of business segments and geographic areas in measuring audit sizes. As for the measurement of complexity of audit process which is another reason for increasing audit fees, Chan et al (1993) suggest to use the number of subsidiaries to measure it. According to previous studies (Ashbaugh et al ,2003; Hoitash et al ,2007), the proportion of foreign subsidiaries will have influence on the increase of audit fees, therefore, the ratio between foreign subsidiaries and total number of subsidiaries is selected to measure this effect on audit fees. Furthermore, Choi, Kim, Liu and Simunic (2008) use the ratio of the sum of inventories and receivables to total assets to present complexity. Lastly, the dummy of gain or loss before extraordinary items is a popular variable in latest studies, such as the study in Hoitash et al (2007). The level of risk in audit processing is another factor causes increase in audit fees. Turley and Cooper (1991) provide the hypothesis that there is a positive relation between audit risk and audit fees. Chan et al (1993) predict higher risk makes consequence in higher audit fees is because auditors want to take the excess fees than normal level as an insurance premium and this hypothesis is supported by interview findings. Most of previous studies focus on using such variables as liquidity ratio (the ratio between current liabilities and current assets), and gearing ratio (the leverage), to test the level of audit quality. However, as previous scholars point out that the audit risk which is the reflection of the nature of the business of the enterprise and the control of enterprise is difficult to measure. Therefore, the subjective judgments in measuring audit risk are hard to avoid. The level of client firms performances is will also has impact on audit fees. According to the interviews between audit partners (Chan, Ezzamel and Gwilliam, 1993), it is confirmed that there is a link between the level of client firms profitability and the level of audit fees, and the association between them is negative. Furthermore, it is commonly agreed that when a client is facing with financial pressure is more likely to ask for controlling overhead costs wich might be result in higher audit fees. To measure the level of this variable, Chan et al (2003) use the return on equity to measure it, while other researchers like Hoitash et al (2007) and Chan, Kim, Liu and Simunic (2008) use the return on assets to measure this. Beside variables above, there are other potential reasons which might also cause the changes in audit fees. However, seldom of previous studies pay attention on these potential variables (Chan, Ezammel and Gwilliam, 1993) according to the study finished by Chan et al (1993), the control of ownership is also one of the variables in audit fees model. The hypothesis in their paper makes the assumption that the extension of audit services will be a factor in the ownership control as companies with a diverse ownership structure are required a higher quality audit. Therefore, the audit fees are increased. However, it is difficult to measure the extension of ownership control directly. The timing variable is another reason in the fluctuation of audit fees (Chan et al, 1993). According to the audit season in UK market, the accounting year between 1 December and 31 March is the busy season, others are non-busy, and the former season will increases audit fees as auditors have a comparatively shorter deadline in it. Moreover, though test, authors find that the legal liability also have impact on the level of audit fees, as the evidences demonstrate that legal liability is a fee-increase factor. Lastly, other variables, such as the location of auditors, are seldom be used as variables in investigations. 4.2 Review of the development of discretionary ac gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-74191816235670215262020-01-17T20:22:00.001-08:002020-01-17T20:22:06.328-08:00Globalization and Its Impact on Bangladesh EconomyAssignment On ââ¬Å"Globalization and its Impact on Bangladesh Economyâ⬠(ECO 360, Section: 1) Assignment on ââ¬Å"Globalization and its impact on Bangladesh Economyâ⬠. Subject: ECO 360 (Socio-Economics Profile of Bangladesh) Section: 1 Submitted To: Muhammad Mahboob Ali Adjunct Faculty, Department of Economics, East West University. Submitted By: Name| ID| | | | | | | Acknowledgement In the preparation and finish this assignment, we acknowledge the encouragement and assistance given by a number of people and institution.We would like to express our gratitude to our faculty at East West University; Mahboob Ali for providing us detailed feedback and advice on this assignment. He always gave us his suggestions in making this study as flawless as possible. We also like to thank our group members for co-operating me in many troublesome tasks. And never the less above all our heartiest thanks goes to all mighty Allah without his help. We would not be here. Letter of Transmitta l Date: 23th November, 2012 Muhammad Mahboob Ali Department of Economics, East West University Subject: Submission of Assignment. Sir, Itââ¬â¢s our great pleasure to submit the assignment.A study was making on a economics sector that you have asked us to prepare and we select ââ¬Å"globalization impact on Bangladesh economyâ⬠to study. We have tried our best to follow the instruction that was given by you. Throughout this study we tried to identify whether globalization play positive or negative impact on our countryââ¬â¢s economy. As well as, we also discuss the overall condition of our countryââ¬â¢s economy also. We sincerely hope that you will enjoy this report as we enjoyed while writing it. If you need any further clarification or quarry in interpreting this analysis, we will be glad to oblige you.Thank you. Abstract: Over the past decades, globalization has now become a new world order, new world order, which virtually influences everything that comes in our min d. Developing countries like Bangladesh with vulnerable geopolitical locations and weak economies are now looking at globalization to strengthen their economy to fight any perceived threats. But the increasing role played by the western dominated institutions such as, the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in setting the rules under which globalization is played, has placed developing ountries in a much disadvantageous position vis-a-vis the developed countries. However, a closer look at the globalization will show that it has both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Bangladesh. A thorough understanding of the effect of globalization is needed to use its advantages to improve her economy. This may also help Bangladesh maintain a sustained growth in the face of likely economic peril. This paper studies both negative and positive impacts of globalization on some selected economic sectors of Bangladesh.It also studies some ameliorative measures to overcome the negative impacts and also the ways to exploit the opportunities created. Finally the paper recommends some measures for Bangladesh to meet the challenges of economic globalization. Table of Contents No. | Topic| Page| 1. | Introductiona) Generalb) Motivation and Significance of the Researchc) Research Questions| 7 ââ¬â 8| 2. | Literature Reviewa) Globalization as a phenomenon. b) The positive impact of globalization. c) The negative impact of globalization. | 9 ââ¬â 12| 3. | Objective of the Study| 13| 4. | Methodology| 14| . | Limitation of the Research| 14 | 6. | Analysisa) Overall Economic Condition of Bangladesh. b) Opportunities of Globalizationc) Challenges of Globalization| 15 ââ¬â 25| 7. | Recommendations| 26| 8. | Conclusion| 27| 1. Introduction Globalization in the broadest sense implies integration of economies and societies across the globe through the flow of technology, trade and capital. It basically refers to a p rocess that enables people, goods, information, norms, practices and institutions to transcend national jurisdictions through markets, technologies, interests and information flows.Four types of changes characterize globalization. First, it involves a stretching of social, political and economic activities across frontiers, regions and continents. Second, it is marked by the growing magnitude of interconnectedness and flows of trade, investment, finance, migration, culture, etc. Third, it can be linked to a speeding up of global interactions and processes. And fourth, the effects of distant events can be highly significant elsewhere and specific local developments can have considerable global consequences.Thus the boundaries between domestic matters and global affairs become increasingly fluid. Globalization, in short, can be thought of as the widening, intensifying and growing impact of worldwide interconnectedness. It causes an expansion in the volume and variety of cross border t ransactions in goods and services. Globalization is a much used term and there are diverse views as to how and why globalization is occurring this time around. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a globalization in economic markets, but we can see its pervasive and widespread impacts at the present time.Every country in this world enters into global economy and trying to cope with the pace of global economy. Bangladesh is one of the developing countries in the world and its economy has already being impacted by global economy. It is not possible for a third world country like Bangladesh to keep pace with global economy, because it is conceivable that the origins of globalization lie in the political decision by merely the developed countries of the world. Bangladeshââ¬â¢ economy experiences a recession of industrial growth.The study is focused that there is strong opportunity for Bangladesh to boost its economy, but the socio-political situation should be favorable one to enhance savings and investment in this country. The study articulates some strong recommendations that could make Bangladesh even stronger to boost to compete globally to a greater magnitude. It is conceivable that Bangladesh needs to privatize its State- owned enterprise (SOEs) and should maintain an unassailable relation with World Bank, IMF and other donor agencies. It is a big challenge for Bangladesh to contend in global economy through considerable internal and external obstructions.The entire paper is arranged by giving a brief current economic condition of Bangladesh followed by an introduction initially; after then the next section is discussed how Bangladesh economy impacted through regional trade agreement and later the paper portrays the role of privatization in Bangladesh economy. And this paper also discusses how Globalization affects the whole economy of our country Bangladesh. Later the paper discusses some constraints of Bangladesh economy and then it illustrates so me basic recommendations that could make this economy stronger to compete with global economy.And at last a conclusion is illustrated that reflects the overall theme of this paper. It would be very difficult to keep pace with modern globalization. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges faced by Bangladesh in this century is how to strengthen its participation in the global economy in a manner that will bring widespread and sustainable benefits to its people. Motivation and Significance of the Research The motivation that we have for this research is based on the fact that we are Bangladeshi who have seen and experienced the impact of globalization phenomenon on economic development.Developed countries use globalization for improving their economy in many ways. We have marked how these countries use globalization to their advantage. Having compared the socio-political and economic environment of Bangladesh and the countries we have researched, we are now in a position to understan d the likely effects of globalization on Bangladesh economy. We would like to take this opportunity to do the research based on our experience and understanding of the subject from our reading. Research Questions The primary question of this term-paper is: What is the overall impact of Globalization in Bangladesh economy?What should Bangladesh do to use the advantages of globalization in improving her situation? 2. Literature Review Many books and articles have discussed the various effects of globalization exhaustively. These studies include globalization as a phenomenon in general and the positive and the negative impacts of globalization in particular. Even though many books and articles have addressed globalization from the developing countries point of view, few even mention its impact specifically on Bangladesh. Globalization is a growing concern and it is perceived as a vast subject that can impact all aspects of the world, or a nation.People blame globalization for affecting everything from culture, to political systems, to religious institutions, and the economy; all of these perceived impacts of globalization would impact Bangladesh differently. It is important to determine how exactly it can impact Bangladesh. This paper will concentrate on finding viable options for Bangladesh to sustain the world of global economy. The paper will also focus on the measures that Bangladesh might consider in using the effects of globalization in its economic growth. The literature generally looks at globalization from three different angles.These are: a) Globalization as a phenomenon. b) The positive impact of globalization. c) The negative impact of globalization. a) Globalization as a Phenomenon Historical Foundation: The origin of the concept of globalization stretches far back to the activities of the early Mediterranean civilizations before the fifth century A. D. 1 The ancient explorers, motivated primarily by the prospects of material gain, traversed the â⠬Å"silk routeâ⬠between China and Europe, the ââ¬Å"amber routeâ⬠from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and the ââ¬Å"spice routeâ⬠by sea between Egypt, the Yemen and India.During this period, up to the end of the fifteenth century, the volume of long distance trade, travel, and communications was inevitably irregular. 2 Increased trading expeditions by British, Dutch, and Portuguese merchants in the seventeenth century raised the demand for colonial goods such as coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, and chocolate. The requirement for more production of these goods as the demand increased prompted the beginning of slave trade from Africa to the Americas and Europe. Following these expeditions, European languages were easily transplanted to other continents and the three monotheistic religions namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism took root. In the nineteenth century, the technology revolution in transport and communications including the emergence of the railway, the teleg raph and the steam ship all lowered freight rates and raised incomes therefore further boosting globalization. Core Elements of Globalization: Basically, globalization rests on a tripod namely, the expansion of markets economic), challenges to the state and institutions (political), and the rise of new social and political movements (cultural). 8 economically, technological changes and government deregulation have permitted the establishment of transnational network in production, trade, and finance creating what is referred to as a ââ¬Å"borderless worldâ⬠. The second element affects States. Political power and activities extend across the boundaries of nation- states while policy making on issues such as human rights, environmental degradation and nuclear safety have required global consensus.The third element of globalization affects more than markets and states. It is altering the lives of people across the globe. Fast dissemination of media, books, music, international id eas and values has produced a somewhat global culture. b) Positive impacts of globalization: A thorough understanding of the effect of globalization is needed to use its advantages to improve the economy of Bangladesh. This may also help Bangladesh maintain a sustained growth in the face of likely economic peril.Though some view NGO (Non-Government Organization) as a tool of economic exploitation, it brings changes on the living condition and status of the poor and rural people. Excludes are now becoming Includes. While most low-income countries depend largely on the export of primary commodities, Bangladesh has made the transition from being primarily a jute-exporting country to a garment-exporting one. This transition has been dictated by the country's resource endowment, characterized by extreme land scarcity and a very high population density, making economic growth dependent on the export of labor-intensive manufactures.A greater integration with the global economy seems to fit well with Bangladesh's development efforts. The garment sector opens the door of sufficiency to the people who previously live in a hurdle living. The export-oriented garment industry presently employs around 2. 5 million workers ââ¬â mostly women from low-income, rural backgrounds. The second dominant export-oriented activity, shrimp farming, is also very labor intensive, presently employing nearly half a million rural poor. This economic revaluation is not only creates skilled sectors but also gradually decreased unemployment problem.More generally, import liberalization is likely to have contributed to the creation of productive employment for the poor through the strengthening of many small-scale and informal sector activities that have benefited from improved access to imported inputs. Another issue of great importance to Bangladesh is that the free movement of migrant workers across borders be expanded, for workers' remittances play an important role in its economy. Moreo ver, as a result of increasing global connection and technological improvements diversification of export is possible as many new export items are added as the global demands are increasing.We can talk about ship building industry and IT based call center service are now coming as a new dimension in our economic arena. Globalization also creates impact on our culture and social structure as we are now considering ourselves as a global citizen. The interaction with other cultures and knowledge and information about other societies create a great impact on our lifestyle and thinking. c) Negative impacts of globalization: The removal of the Multi-Fiber Arrangements (MFA) quotas now threatens to increase competition in the global garment industry and thus limit Bangladesh's growth.The strength of the industry depends on the export quotas dictated by the MFA and preferential access in the major Western markets. Moreover, other export industries are unlikely to take its place if the garme nt industry shrinks. It is not easy for a Least Developed Country (LDC) like Bangladesh to specialize in manufactured exports. Having low wage costs can hardly compensate for its lack of marketing skills and infrastructure and poor overall investment climate. Moreover, the high degree of dependence of domestic industries on imported raw materials and industrial inputs makes it difficult for Bangladesh.In this connection, it is likely to mention that, the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) rules were devised decades ago to help developing countries promote export-oriented industrialization. But, in effect, the rules proved discriminatory against LDCs like Bangladesh that count on low value-addition processing activities. On top of these rules, Bangladesh also has to worry about non-tariff barriers such as those relating to environmental or labor standards. Anti-dumping actions are already under way against exports from Bangladesh,Also, the role of globalization played by the wes tern dominated institutions such as, the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The agenda of the Bangladeshââ¬â¢s economical sector and upcoming debt formulated by these kinds of organizations are running on the process of economic exploitation of a country. For this, they are willing to give money for construct a road rather than a factory. Beside this for every debt they are selling their products in our country without any tax.Globalization is a well excepted term all over the world, but developed countries are the real beneficiaries of the concept; whereas the developing countries are in a confused situation to relate the term on their economic, social, political and personal life and it cannot helps to reduce the gap between haves and have not. 3. Objective of the Study: The overall objective of the project is to expand the theoretical discussion on the relationship between globalization, envi ronmental change, resource use social suffering and human security in the context of a least developed country-Bangladesh.And the primary objective is to analysis how globalization effect on countryââ¬â¢s economy. This study will: â⬠¢ investigate the role environmental change play in social conflicts and resultant social suffering; â⬠¢ assess the role of population movement as a factor of environmental degradation; â⬠¢ Critically assess the gender dimension of social change resulting from the interacting forces of globalization and environmental change. The principal objective of this study was to identify all major dimensions and issues of â⬠¢ Globalization and attempt to explain those, to the extent possible, from industrial perspective.The specific objectives set were as follows: â⬠¢ To assess the effect and impact of the process of globalization on the life and livelihood of industry especially in Bangladesh. â⬠¢ To analyze the overall economic conditi on of Bangladesh. â⬠¢ To find the opportunities and challenges of Globalization in the context of Bangladesh economy. 4. Methodology: We used descriptive and expletory design to prepare our assignment. By design, this study was an exploratory type of study. For our primary research, we mostly used the resources of the web and the library.And some standard reference sources like ââ¬â â⬠¢Daily Newspaper â⬠¢Weekly Newspaper â⬠¢Magazine â⬠¢ Economic Reports based on Bangladesh Economy For finding materials in the web, we used the standard search engines such as â⬠¢Google â⬠¢Yahoo â⬠¢AltaVista As well as reference sites and news sites, we also used some Bangladeshi search engines. 5. Limitation of the Problem : All data are not available in internet. It was very short time to collect all relevant data and to prepare this assignment. Also we faced load shedding problem and our lab was over crowded that distract our mind sometimes. . Analysis a) Overall Economic Condition of Bangladesh: Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world, but it is plausible that the overall growth rate of Bangladesh is not stagnant; the overall growth rate of Bangladesh is actually moving forward. The growth average of Bangladesh is 5. 4%per year over the FY01-05 period, which has been the highest since the countryââ¬â¢s independence (The World Bank). Bangladesh has global merchandize trade relationship ships with many countries around the world.Bangladesh has a good market in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Germany. Bangladesh also exports goods and services from around the globe. The economy of Bangladesh is a rapidly developing market-based economy. Its per capita income in 2010 was est. US$1,700 (adjusted by purchasing power parity). According to the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh ranked as the 43rd largest economy in the world in 2010 in PPP terms and 57th largest in nominal terms, among the Next Eleven or N-1 1 of Goldman Sachs and D-8 economies, with a gross domestic product of US$269. billion in PPP terms and US$104. 9 billion in nominal terms. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% per annum over the past few years. More than half of the GDP is generated by the service sector; while nearly half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector. Other goods produced are textiles, jute, fish, vegetables, fruit, leather and leather goods, ceramics, ready-made goods. Garments sector is the largest exporting sector for Bangladesh. For Bangladesh, openness to trade would be a vital basis of future growth.Growth from trade directness will depend upon simultaneous investment climate reforms that would boost competitiveness to domestic firms. In Bangladesh the government should undertake policies to attract overseas remittance into productive investment activities. Remittances from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the Middle East, are the major source of foreign exchange earnin gs; exports of garments and textiles are the other main sources of foreign exchange earnings. Ship building and cane cultivation have become a major force of growth.GDP's rapid growth due to sound financial control and regulations has also contributed to its growth; however, foreign direct investment is yet to rise significantly. Bangladesh has made major strides in its human development. The land is devoted mainly to rice and jute cultivation as well as fruits and other produce, although wheat production has increased in recent years; the country is largely self-sufficient in rice production. Bangladesh's growth of its agricultural industries is due to its fertile deltaic land that depends on its six seasons and multiple harvests.Transportation, communication, water distribution, and energy infrastructure are rapidly developing. Bangladesh is limited in its reserves of oil, but recently there has been huge development in gas and coal mining. Bangladeshââ¬â¢s economy has been rem arkably resilient, with GDP growth averaging 5? % a year for the past 15 years. But the growth has been off a low base, so the country remains one of the poorest in Asia. Its economic base is narrow (based around garments and agriculture) and vulnerable to natural disasters. Moreover, despite a recent period of relative calm, political stability is far from assured.Bangladesh is below the regional average for per capita income, growth and creditworthiness. The business climate can be difficult ââ¬â but according to the World Bankââ¬â¢s Doing Business Survey no worse than the regional average. Like most developing economies, Bangladesh can be a risky place to do business. But it does have attractions: a large and growing population; steady GDP growth; and strong demand for foreign capital to meet the countryââ¬â¢s large infrastructure and energy needs. Chart 2 shows the different criteria of risks to exporters and investors of Bangladesh.Over the past 15 years, growth has b een rapid and has slowly accelerated. Over 2012-14, the IMF expects growth to be over 6% pa, an impressive performance in the current economic climate. However, this partly reflects strong population growth, with per-capita income growth continuing to lag the regional average. Moreover, inflation remains a problem, with prices recently being boosted by reductions to fuel subsidies and a weakening in the currency. Inflation is also very exposed to swings in food prices, which account for 60% of consumption. ) Opportunities of Globalization: Bangladesh has a low human capital stock and is relatively closed to the global economy even by standard of the other low-income countries. Therefore, Bangladesh has not yet fully become part of the global economy. This is as truer in trade as in technology achievements. Globalize offers the potential to free Bangladesh and other developing countries from the restrictions imposed by a relatively small domestic market, low saving and limited access to world technology and credit. 1. Opportunity to break the vicious circle:It offers an opportunity to break the vicious circle of savings and investments, a long-standing important challenge for all developing countries. Better education, training, technology, equipment and infrastructure in general raise living standard. Due to globalization, foreign investment in our country will increase. If we can properly utilize it then employment will increased which will raise the income of people of Bangladesh. So, if there is a high rate of income then savings of people will increased which will enable us to break the vicious circle. 2. Alternative source of domestic investment finance:Globalization offers an alternative source of domestic investment finance. Such financing is channeled through direct investment and frequently come with attached benefits, such as technology transfer, training, marketing networks and managerial and technical expertise. Foreign investment is especially att ractive when it brings its own physical capital and the means to enhance human capital of domestic citizens. 3. Increasing the living standards of poor people and employment opportunities: Globalization is increasing the living standards of poor people in Bangladesh.Industries from foreign investments create employment opportunities for a large number of people including young women who, for the first time, can visibly enter the male dominated public space. Foreign and export oriented industries are changing the economic and social scenario of Bangladesh which, results in an increase of living standards. 4. Motivating the people and increasing the modernity of our society: Increasing globalization is motivating the Bangladeshi people and increasing the modernity in our society. A person can forces by inspiration refers what effect his direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior.Foreign investments create high paying jobs, which require more knowledge and skill, there fore motivating people to work for a higher education. Bangladeshi students are performing better than before. Advertisements for foreign products also motivate people. Globalization allows foreign companies to advertise their products in our country. When people watch advertisements for expensive foreign products, they want to buy them even if they don't have the ability. 5. The transfer of technology: Bangladesh has largely benefited from the transfer of technology.One nation cannot produce everything, because it has limited resources. Globalization gave us the opportunity to use modern technology. We got world-class telecommunication technology, which was not possible without foreign investment. 6. Modern telecommunication technology: Modern telecommunication technology connected us to the rest of the world. Bangladesh are getting technological advantages like computers and the Internet, transportation and online banking with evaluation in the modern world. We are earning foreign currency and creating many new jobs by exporting computer software.Globalization has made a big social and economic change in Bangladesh. 7. Increased competitiveness and raise export potentials: Product market competition induced by government policy of economic liberalization can bring about increased competitiveness and raise export potentials. The competition can be enhanced by reductions in transport and communication costs of conducting international trade, by removal of external tariff barriers, and by more vigorous application of pro-competitive policies in those domestic industries not exposed to international competition. Competition is healthy for the economy in the long run.It not only influences the relative bargaining power of firms and workers but it is also a force for renewal and change. 8. Actions of Employers to reap the opportunities of Globalization: Volatility in the labor market has prompted employers in Bangladesh to become more organized and to move towards greater unity. There is a tendency among the employers to shift certain risks and responsibilities away from the enterprise or society to the workers. Employers have tended to introduce new labor-saving technologies to reduce cost of production and to avoid the risk of labor unrest.Unlike in the public sector, employers in the private sector have resorted to growing casualization of workers resulting in the deprivation of workers of provident fund, gratuity, normal working days and hours, group insurance, leave encashment, leave with pay and pension benefits and, above all, job security 9. Actions of Trade Unions to reap the opportunities of Globalization: Economic integration and increasing competition erode the bargaining power of trade unions. However, the increasing mobility of goods and capital allows such obstacles to be readily circumvented, thereby prompting the trade union movement to adopt a global approach.Globalization has also created opportunities for trade unions by offering organized labour the alternative of collaborating with employers to enhance productivity, adaptability and product or service quality, in exchange for job security and higher wages. 10. Benefit from return migrants: Because of globalization also Bangladesh can benefit from return migrants. Migrants make-up a pool of potential investors and managers who have benefited from foreign training, not merely from academic or vocational training but in the wider sense of learning on the job and assimilating more of the global business culture .Migrants are likely to return for changing lifestyle for example they wish to return home to set up a business (however small) or to take advantage of early retirement. Due to globalization these migrants are interested to invest in Bangladesh 11. Foreign Direct Investment: FDI in RMG industry should be welcomed and pursued to ensure higher investment in this sector. FDI would also help in transferring technology and ensure bigger market acces s by providing direct linkages with the retailers. 12. Some other Opportunities of Globalization: Globalization has also created some new scope and opportunity for the development.Following may be considered as opportunities: a) Bangladesh is being integrated with global economy and business. b) Expanded private sector employment opportunity with poor labor rights.. c) Increasing competitiveness and efficiency. d) Emergence of new sectors of production and employment according to the global need, such as ternary, footwear, pharmaceuticals, RMG, etc. e) Labor export to external market increased. f) As more countries are participating in trade, finance and production, Bangladesh is being integrated globally to a greater extent than before. g) Increased economic interdependence compared to other developing nations. ) Bangladesh is being linked to both developed and developing countries more closely through economic institutions, international agreements or treaties. i) Increase in fore ign capital, information and technology flows. j) Bangladesh is facing competition from increased internationalization of foreign enterprises, mergers and alliances. k) Bangladesh is experiencing customer-driven (rather than product-driven) global and local markets, though at the same time segmented markets. l) Competitiveness of Bangladesh is increasingly being based not on low wages or natural resources but on knowledge/innovation, skills and productivity. ) Potential to boost productivity and living standards across the globe, because a globally integrated economy can lead to a better division of labor between countries, allowing low-wage countries like Bangladesh to specialize in labor-intensive tasks while high-wage countries use workers in more productive ways thus allowing global firms to exploit bigger economies of scale. So we think Globalization will help Bangladesh a lot to increase its overall economic condition and others sectors that need to be strong to build up a dec ent economy. c) Challenges of Globalization:Within a country, there is the challenge of forgoing liberalization policies that promote greater integration of the domestic economy into the global economy. There are pressures from trade unions, lobby groups and local businesses over the effect of these policies on jobs and the closure of local industries. These can make it politically and socially difficult to implement reforms that could benefit a country in the medium to long term. The responsibility for achieving the right balance and pace of adjustment lie with individual Governments, but in practice this is not simple as it appears.Bangladesh pursued a number a number of stabilization and structural reform programs between 1987 and 1993, and made considerable progress in achieving macroeconomic stability. The various challenges of globalization that Bangladesh faces are as follows:- 1. Challenges for national economy: During the period of rapid integration with the global economy, the incidence of poverty appeared to have increased and so have inequalities in the country. Economic reforms in the country produced disappointing results in the absence of a system to induce entrepreneurs to invest in industries.Lack of institutions to make the economy efficient and reduce transaction costs was also a reason behind the country's poor performance. Inequalities increased in the country during the period of rapid globalization. Inequality in income distribution increased quite substantially both in rural and urban Bangladesh. 2. Challenges for our culture and social life: Globalization makes worldwide boundaries fade away and enlarging contest in the market place. For globalization we are facing a huge impact on our culture and social life in the modern world. For example, McDonalds introduced American fast food to other parts of the world.The American fast food of McDonalds, Pizza Hut, etc. are introducing to our country, which is a challenge for our Bengali fast f ood. Also the Indian culture becomes a major challenge for our own Bengali culture now-a-days. 3. Challenges for business: As in the case of industries, globalization impinges heavily on the business in Bangladesh with destabilizing forces debilitating balance of trade and balance of payments. Bangladeshi products are increasingly losing competitiveness in the global market due to growing cost of business exacting high prices.The cost of business is increasing primarily due to port problems, bureaucratic tangles in customs department and no improvement in lead-time. In contrast, an increasing number of countries are offering low-cost products. 4. Challenges of Globalization on Industry: In Bangladesh many industrial units in jute, cotton, RMG, and paper and several other sectors are closed down by a number of reasons of which globalization is one crucial factor. These industrial units have difficulties to compete both domestically and internationally.Even in the domestic market, it is difficult for them to keep up the competitive advantages compared to imported goods. Notably, in all these sectors there is considerable inflow of FDI and presence of MNCs (multinational companies) and there is no SOE. 5. Challenges faced by ICT and Bio-technology: Such challenges faced by Bangladesh for the ICT and Bio-technology and their Impact on Employment and Intellectual Property Rights are: a) Makes some of the traditional farming role of people redundant leading to unemployment particularly among older and rural people. ) It's not a desires and traditions of our communities to imported bio-technologies always. c) Needs to make easy to codify and move some of the un-codified knowledge of local citizens to the worldwide market. However if uncompensated, the move deprives people the economic gains and royalty they should be entitled to. 6. Challenges for Power Sector: Government has opened up foreign investment in power generation as independent power producer (IPP), and ha s also privatized transmission and distribution to the private sector (DESA, DESCO). Significant private foreign capital invested in the sector.As a result Bangladesh Power Development Board gradually has been losing its control over the power sector. Companies appointed employees under new terms and conditions. Job security of the employees also was ensured by the agreement 7. Challenges for Telecommunication: Telecommunication service was exclusively under Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB). This sector has been opened up for private investment. Different private telephone companies, TV channels, marine and rural telecommunication, radio trucking service and revering telecommunication have already been opened up for private sector.These private phone companies or TV channels are capturing a large number of customers. As a result govt. owned companies losing their customers. Government has been making different efforts to privatize this sector like PDB under company ma nagement. There is strong opposition from employees against privatization of BTTB. 8. Challenges for Labor Market: In Bangladesh many industrial units jute, cotton, paper and RMG, and several other sectors were closed down by a number of reasons of which globalization is one of crucial factor.It is estimated that near about 7 thousand big and medium size industries closed down as an impact of globalization. In Bangladesh near about 2 million people lost their employment due to closure of industries. Most of the privatization and closure of industries resulted in huge retrenchment. Fall in the aggregate demand for labor has accelerated declination of wage. Real wage declined due inflation and currency market deregulation. Also there is a decreased in number of working people under permanent contracts of employment.Non-traditional forms of employment including part time, casual and contract labor, home-work and migratory work increased. Casualization of workers in the private sector r esulted in deprivation of provident fund, gratuity, normal working days and hours, group insurance, leave, pension and above all job security. Numerical functional flexibility in labor market increased, increased of out sourcing of work, and increased irregular payment. In the name of competition workers are forced to work overtime. Minimum wages of the workers in the private sector are not protected. 9. Challenges for Employment:Challenges for employment are as follows:- a) Trade liberalization and privatization created social insecurity and aggravating, unemployment, underemployment. b) Social security of the workers decreased. c) Reduced job security, workers are terminated without benefits. d) Working environment degraded, especially in the private and informal sector. e) Labor laws are not implemented in most of the privately owned industries. 10. Mutual dependence: Globalization has increased mutual dependence between macroeconomic stability and good institutions and organizat ions, and made stability vulnerable to volatility in financial markets.Financial and currency crises around the world have occurred with an acceleration pace and with relatively more devastating impacts since the globalization process accelerated from 1989. 11. Some other Challenges: Bangladesh has to face some challenges to fight as well as cope with globalization. Challenges are as follows: a) Build up strong resistance against privation. b) Reopening of closed industries. c) Unite trade union movement to achieve greater collective bargaining power. d) Capacitate trade union with new bargaining approach. ) To fight against the fast changing rules of the game of rapid transformation workers need to develop knowledge based skill in manufacturing through continuous updating of skill to face the challenges of globalization. f) Build up global shared goal and action. Enhance global unionism to face the global challenges. g) Initiatives to influence International Financial Institution t o ensure workersââ¬â¢ rights. h) Build up pact between trade union and global consumers. Make global consumers responsible to ensure labor rights at national level. i) Organize informal sector as well non-unionized workers to strengthen trade union movement. ) Globalization not only affected workers but also affected different sections of the people, so it is important to organize voice from all sections. k) Workers alone would not be able to fight globalization. Influence political parties to incorporate the agenda. Globalization has both positive as well as negative impacts on its players. In an increasingly open, integrated and borderless world there have been remarkable growths in trade and exchanges. It was basically possible because of the democratization of technology, finance and communications. On the other hand globalization also generates number of problems. 7.Recommendations: The impact of globalization on the economy of Bangladesh is mixed with marginal positive outc ome overshadowed by vast negative results. Globalization provides many opportunities for development for Bangladesh and its people, including the potential to improve wages and living standards. It has challenged many economic strategies of the past as the way towards development. It provides an impetus and incentive to develop human resources and to improve productivity as key factors of competitiveness and improved living standards. Globalization has made Bangladesh conscious of the need to improve productivity.Even unions in Bangladesh have come to acknowledge the importance of productivity enhancement to the standards of living of their own members. > Trade liberalization and privatization has created social insecurity in terms of loss of jobs and aggravating unemployment and underemployment in the country pointing to the need for social protection to contain insecurity of the workers. Voice of the common workers, collective awareness and participatory management of trade unions at various levels are the three main processes for the improvement of trade union governance.The existing practice of centralized governance of trade unions has largely contributed to the major failures in the labor processes in Bangladesh. > Competitive labor market is expected to link wages with productivity. In the case of SOEs, real wage growth outpacing productivity growth is a factor raising unit labor costs and reducing international competitiveness calling for adjustment of real wages in line with productivity growth. > The state thus has a critical role to play; both in handling such shocks and in helping people and firms seize the opportunities of the global market place.Globalization also sharpens the need for international co-operation in at least five areas, such as: a) Managing Regional Crisis, b) Promoting global economic stability, c) Protecting the Environment, d) Fostering Basic Research and the dissemination of know-how and e) Making International Development Ass istance more effective. Some Recommendations are given below: Government level reforms: Bangladesh Government has taken initiatives or resources for telecommunications and transports which are not along to meet the nationââ¬â¢s growing requirements.Bangladesh government should continuously improve system capabilities to enhance the private sector participation. Monetary Policy: The central bank must maintain a close look on the growth of the monetary base or domestic credit creation. Attract free flow of FDI : Foreign Direct Investment is inevitable for any developing economy. Bangladesh should create proper field to attract more FDI in industrial sector. Productive investment: Bangladesh needs substantial quality investment in the industrial sector and investment in those activities where we can produce more efficiently.The economic growth rate in Bangladesh is not necessarily constrained by insufficient savings; rather it is due to poor level of investment and lack of efficient use of capita Integration into World Markets: In Bangladesh, firms can be internationally integrated by means of ownership or by selling their products in foreign markets. In the readymade garments and leather/footwear industries, most of the firms are majority exporters, i. e. , they sell more than 50% of their output in export markets. In contrast, in the pharmaceuticals industries there are no majority exporters (Fernandes2006).Limited foreign capital assimilation: Every year Bangladesh seeks foreign capital for undertaking various projects. But foreign capital can be a substitute for domestic savings only to limited extent. Foreign aid, commercial borrowing and portfolio investment can limit the expansion of savings by expanding consumption. The government should immediately constitute a national committee on aid for trade to work on getting a better share of the aid-cake as well as adopt a foreign aid policy statement in consistent with the new PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) to make donors clear about the priority areas of aid. . Conclusion: Globalization has a very far-reaching effect on almost every sphere of life. In the question of economic development and growth it is even more being in this era of globalization. Developing country like Bangladesh must take the advantages of globalization and attempt to improve her economy. However, we found from each piece was that the impact of globalization was more negative on Bangladesh than it was positive.Globalization has not only kept Bangladesh from advancing ahead in economic development, but it has changed the traditions and ways of life for the indigenous people for the worse. As a poor country, Bangladesh needs to be more concerned about the appropriate implementation of Globalization. As we find thru our research, Bangladeshââ¬â¢s potentials to economic globalization is highly promising. We believe that the recommendation made in this paper if implemented well will take Bangladesh to a poi nt of sustained economic growth and development. gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-1255864792569932852020-01-09T16:45:00.001-08:002020-01-09T16:45:03.025-08:00Top 5 Childrens Books About Abraham Lincolngladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-24896216932653485582020-01-01T13:11:00.001-08:002020-01-01T13:11:03.465-08:00The Ethical Conduct Of The Physician Assistant - 1308 Words Thereââ¬â¢s also non-maleficence, which basically means, ââ¬ËDo no harmââ¬â¢. The physician assistant must aim at producing a net benefit over harm. 6 If Sally decides not to treat the abusive patient, which is simply abandoning the patient, then she is doing harm. Ignoring the patientââ¬â¢s needs is an act of negligence, which will probably cause the patientââ¬â¢s condition to worsen. Sally must act accordingly with the Deontological view 7, which requires her to do her duty as a medical provider to treat the patient no matter what he does. This requires Sally to show the virtue of compassion as she is trying to provide care even to the most abusive, noncompliant, dishonest patients. This act will also satisfy some of the competencies a physician assistant must uphold: Commitment, dedication and self-regulation. The Ethical Conduct for the Physician Assistant Profession also states ââ¬Å"In the absence of a preexisting patientââ¬âPA relationship, the physician as sistant is under no ethical obligation to care for a person unless no other provider is available. A PA is morally bound to provide care in emergency situations and to arrange proper follow-up.â⬠1 (pg5) So these are not just her legal duties, but theyââ¬â¢re her moral duties as well. 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According to the physician in the scenario, there have been multiple complaints by Jewish patients about the disregard for th eir dietary requests. Having this data and information available can aid in developing and educational session for hospital staff including dietary workers, nurses, and certified nursing assistants about the importance of respecting patientââ¬â¢s cultural requests. It is possible that some of the problems gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-36243872696229982212019-12-24T08:57:00.001-08:002019-12-24T08:57:03.868-08:00Essay Understanding the Principles and Practises of... UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTISES OF ASSESSMENT (Page 1) 1.1 functions of assessment. Initial assessment can be described as set of procedures we go through to determine what previous experience, skills and abilities a learner has. The process may include skills scan screening for numeracy, literacy and language as well as learning styles and skills abilities, and recognise any prior R.P.L .The results of initial assessment should form individual learning plans so that training and support are delivered that will meet the needs of each learner .Formative assessment is the on-going assessment made in order to adapt to learners needs and respond to learning. Formative assessment helps you keep record of learnerââ¬â¢s progress andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A reliable assessment denotes reliability in assessment (consistent in its methodââ¬â¢s) and one in which usually determines similar outcomes. Evidence is crucial in backing up assessment. For example if a certain criteria are not observed/written down but the learner includes a piece of evidence that shows t hat they have covered the criteria in some form ,this then takes away the possibility of repetition and offers a more holistic outlook on assessment. It also enables the candidate to be more creative and for the work to feel more universal well rounded. Evidence is judged if it meetââ¬â¢s the edexcel awarding body standards or guidelines. Assessment in work place you should take into account busy periods, health and safety and time factors. 3 UNDERSTAND HOW TO PLAN ASSESSMENTS When planning assessments many factors need to be considered including (example), standards, time factor, recognising prior learning. Different ways of recording evidence, learnerââ¬â¢s required needs if any, criteria and where possible use technology for recording. Evidence can take the form of being authentic, sufficient and current. Sufficient evidence relates to the amount of evidence which eventually satisfies that the person being assessed is competent across all elements according to the performa nce criteria. Evidence may be used from different sources such as oral or written ,witness statements or observations,video,paperless portfolio, computer based which can enableShow MoreRelatedTaqa - Understanding the Principles and Practises of Assessment2958 Words à |à 12 PagesUnderstanding the principles and practices of assessment 1.1 Assessment measures the learnerââ¬â¢s progress towards or the completion of, the learning aim and criteria, and can be used at any point during the learning cycle. It can provide information to adapt the delivery to suit the learnerââ¬â¢s needs and abilities; a learner may need more help or time on some aspects, or has progressed quicker than planned and requires additional goals. By standardising the assessment process this creates uniformityRead Morelevel 3 supporting teaching learning Essay1166 Words à |à 5 Pagesvisitors and colleges. Task6: demonstrate ability to deal with hazards in the work setting or in off site visits. 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This can be achieved through several methods. Oral, Written, and non-verbal which is body lanquage. All teachers must follow a Code of Professional Practise. This is based on seven behaviours .Professional integrity, respect, reasonable care, professional practise, criminal offence disclosure, and responsibility during any investigations. The organisation which employs the teacher may have a similar a code of conduct, which will cover similar behaviours gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-82577255813577806022019-12-16T05:27:00.001-08:002019-12-16T05:27:03.642-08:00Discussion Assignment On Learning Styles And Gagnes Theory Free Essays The Divergers take the experiences and they think profoundly about them, the diverging from a lone experience to the multiple possibilities is in footings of what it might intend. And they are like to inquire the inquiry ââ¬Ëwhy ââ¬Ë , and they will get down from the item to the constructive work which is up to the large image. They besides enjoy in take parting and in working with the others but they are like a composure of the ship and they fret over the struggles. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion Assignment On Learning Styles And Gagnes Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Divergers are usually influenced by the other citizens and them like in having a constructive type of feedbacks. The Divergers like to larn through the logical direction or by the hands-one geographic expedition with the conversations which will take to the find. ( Rickettes ) Convergers: The convergers consider about the things and so merely seek out in their thoughts in order to see if they can work in pattern. They ever like to inquire the inquiry ââ¬Ëhow ââ¬Ë about the state of affairss, they have good understanding of the things as how effects work in pattern. The convergers like the facts and they will seek to do the things efficient in doing minute and cautious alterations. They wish to work with themselves, they believing really carefully and like moving really autonomously. The Convergers learn through the interaction and have a computer-based instruction which is more efficient than the other methods learned by them. Accomodators: The obligers have most of the hands-on the attacks, with a brawny preference which is for making instead than for believing. They all like to inquire the inquiry ââ¬Ëwhat if? ââ¬Ë and besides ââ¬Ëwhy non? ââ¬Ë in order to back up their action-for their first attack. Convergers do non like the modus operandi and will take artistic hazards in order to see what is traveling to go on. They really much like to research the complexness by the direct interface and to larn healthier by them than with the other peoples. As they might be anticipating this because they like their custodies to be in the practical acquisition ââ¬Ës instead than on the talks. Learners: The learners are holding the most cognitive type of attacks ; they prefer to believe than to move. Learners like to inquire the inquiries like ââ¬ËWhat is at that place I can cognize? ââ¬Ë and they like the organized and the structured type of apprehensions. The learners prefer the talks for larning and with the procedure of presentations where it is possible, and it will be esteeming the cognition of the experts. Learners will besides be larning through the conversations that will take a logical and a thoughtful type of attack. So it is really much clear for how to plan the plans for these types. The designing of theseA developing programsA can be undertaken merely when there is a clear construct for the preparation of the aims which has been formed. The readying aims is clears to what the end has to be gained till the stoping of the preparation plans that is what the trainees are to be unsurprising to be able to finish at the stoping of their preparation programs.A The preparation objectivesA ever help the trainers for the designing of the preparation of the plans. The different schemes should be laid down for the different sorts of the trainees for those who are believing in theories should hold those sort of plans and the scholars who believe in practical cognition for them patterns should be organized and the overall decisions which comes is that the cantonments should hold an overall plan procedure which should get down from theories to the patterns. ( Kirkpatrick ââ¬Ës foour-level preparation rating theoretical account, 2010 ) Learning spheres: First of all, Gagne ââ¬Ës theory does supply a great trade of valuable information to instructors and the trainers. The celebrated Robert Gagne ââ¬Ës had a theory for the direction that has provided a immense whole number of cherished thoughts to the instructional the interior decorators, the trainers, and the instructors but it truly really utile to everyone during all times. Driscoll has broken the Gagne ââ¬Ës theory into three major or countries which are the taxonomy for the larning type of results, the conditions of acquisition, and the events of learning Harmonizing to my belief it is the most appealing manner for those trainees or the trainers who may be really early in their instruction callings and now they are in the demand of the construction for their session sort of programs and holding a holistic sight of their instruction or for the development of the preparation plans. The given sort of theory is in really methodical and inflexible at the bulk of the points. However, by the methodical environment of the hypothesis it may be like a turn-off for many of the preparation plans, and peculiarly for all those developing plans which are like to be originative. ( Kirkpatrick ââ¬Ës four degree of rating ) Gagne ââ¬Ës Theory As earlier explained the Gagne ââ¬Ës theory of the instruction is normally wrecked into the three Fieldss. The first one of these Fieldss is discussed under the terminology of the larning type of results. The Gagne ââ¬Ës taxonomy for the instruction type of results is like slightly comparable with the Bloom ââ¬Ës taxonomy type of the cognitive, emotional, and the psychomotor outcomes where some of the taxonomies were projected by theory of Bloom, but in fact it is completed by the others. Gagne supposed that it was important to nail down the worlds who learned the capablenesss into the classs or the spheres. The gagne ââ¬Ës taxonomy is dwelling of the five classs for the educational consequences like the verbal type of information, the rational sort of accomplishments, the cognitive type of schemes, the attitudes, and the motor accomplishments. Gagne with the aid of Briggs and Wager in the year1992 clarified that each of these classs had leads to the different categories of the human public presentation under the counsel plans. Indispensable to the Gagne ââ¬Ës thoughts of the direction where he calls the ââ¬Å" conditions of the acquisition ââ¬Ës â⬠and he differentiated these thoughts into the internal and the external type of fortunes. The 1 with the internal fortunes trade with earlier erudite accomplishments of the scholar. In the other words, it can be said that what the novice knows old to the preparation plans. The present external fortunes have to cover with the strictly behaviouristic type of term that is presented externally to the novice. For illustration: What sort of instructions is provided to the trainee? So there were the procedures or the ways by which Robert classified the result system. And all his procedure is really relevant in developing the preparation plans. So we can reason that Gagne had a immense and huge part in the development of the preparation plans. ( Cunningham, 1996 ) Training Evaluation: Kirkpatrick ââ¬Ës four degree theoretical accounts for the rating of the preparation plans are: Level One ââ¬â Chemical reaction: As the word itself implies, that the rating at this degree measures for how the scholars do respond with the preparation plans. The degree is really frequently measured by the attitude of questionnaires that are approved out after the most of the preparation categories. This degree of it measures one thing that is the scholar ââ¬Ës perceptual experience or the reaction for the classs. The scholars are really frequently keenly cognizant for what they require to necessitate to cognize in order to carry through the undertakings. If this plan fails to satisfy their demands, so a finding should be completed as to whether it ââ¬Ës the duty of the plan program or release. ( Four acquisition manners, 2011 ) This degree is non merely declarative for the preparation ââ¬Ës presentation of the possible as it do non mensurate what the new accomplishments does the scholars have gained or what they will hold to larn so that it will reassign back to the working type of milieus. This has lead to do some of the judges for the down drama of its values. The involvement, motive and the attending of the participants which are frequently really critical with the success of any of the preparation procedure which the people frequently learn enhanced when they respond positively to the instruction environment by sing the significance of it. ( Using kolb ââ¬Ës acquisition manners to better a lesson, 2011 ) Level Two ââ¬â Learning: This is the lone extent at which the participants have alteration in the attitudes, with improved cognition, and their addition in the accomplishment as an consequence of engagement in the cognition procedure or in the cantonments. It to boot addresses this inquiry thatA did the people who were participants learned anything? A This acquisition of the rating requires some of the types of post-testing in order to determine with what sort of accomplishments were erudite during the clip of preparation. And in add-on, to the post-testing it is merely valid until combined with the pre-testing, so that the trainees can separate between what they antecedently knew predating to the preparation plans and what they have really learned in the preparation plan. ( Condition of larning ) In measurement of the acquisition ââ¬Ës that have taken topographic point in a preparation program is really of import in array to authenticate the acquisition of the aims. The rating of the acquisition that has taken topographic point will typically concentrate on such type of inquiries as: What sort of cognition was gained? ( Lacin, 2011 ) What type of accomplishments were enhanced or developed? What attitudes were to be changed? ( Robert ââ¬Ës Gagne ââ¬Ës Instructional Design Approach, 2011 ) The scholar appraisals are to be created in order to let the judgements which are to be made for the scholar ââ¬Ës capablenesss of the public presentation. There have been two parts for this type of procedure foremost the fold of the information or the grounds which is the testing of the scholar and in the judgement of the information like what does this information represent. The assessment should non be puzzled withA the rating. The appraisal is all about for the advancement and the accomplishments of the entity scholars, while the rating is all about the acquisition of the plan as a whole. ( Gagne ) Level Three ââ¬â Performance ( behavior ) : This type of rating fundamentally involves in the testing of the pupils capablenesss to put to death the erudite accomplishments during the occupation to a certain extent than in the schoolroom. The degree three ratings could be performed really officially proving or which are informally in the surveillance. It so determines that if there is right public presentation now go oning by replying of the inquiries ( david a. kolb on experiental acquisition, 2001 ) ââ¬Å" Do people utilize their freshly acquired acquisition ââ¬Ës on the occupation? â⬠While in the Kirkpatrick ââ¬Ës alone four-levels of the rating, the names for this degree of public presentation but the behaviour is the lone action that is done, while in the concluding consequence of this behaviour it is the public presentation. ( The kirkpatrick four degrees: A fresh expression after 50 old ages 1959-2009, 2009 ) The public presentations have two facets foremost the public presentation being the gross and its consequence being the terminal. If the one traveling to form the preparation were merely concerned about the behavioural type facet, so it could merely be done when in the preparation milieus. The result of the actions or the public presentation is what people are really after and the inquiry is ââ¬Å" can the scholars now execute and produce the wanted consequences in the operational environment? â⬠( Reiser, 2005 ) Level Four ââ¬â Consequences: This is the concluding consequences that occur. It merely measures the preparation plans and its effectivity, that is, ââ¬Å" What type of impact has the preparation achieved? â⬠These impacts can be taken in history of such points such as the pecuniary, the efficiency, its moral, the teamwork, etc. ( Training Design, 2007 ) As we have moved from degree one to the degree four, so the appraisal procedure becomes more and more difficult and tarriance ; nevertheless, if the higher degree provides the information that is of bit by bit more important value. But possibly the most regularly type of measuring is the level-on. It ââ¬Ës vitamin E because it is the easiest manner to mensurate, but yet it provides the slightest valuable informations. Measurement of the consequences that affect the association is frequently significantly trickier, therefore it is conducted fewer often, even though it yields the bulk cherished information. ( Kirkpatrick ââ¬Ës acquisition and trainign rating theory, 2009 ) So, all these steps helped a batch in the preparation plans. ( Kolb larning manner, 2010 ) How to cite Discussion Assignment On Learning Styles And Gagnes Theory, Essay examples gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-49353904169138291842019-12-08T02:11:00.001-08:002019-12-08T02:11:03.384-08:00English for Oral Communication Question: Describe about the Report for English for Oral Communication. Answer: Introduction Communication is the foundation of human dealings and knowledge. The nature of interaction is reliant on communication between two or more persons and perception is constructed by that communication. It is the basic individual right and important to the quality of everyday life. Communication is the way to relate with others, connect socially, share emotions, express opinion or share any kind of information. It is not restricted to just humans and can be found among animals also who have a separate way to communicate with each other (Habermas, 2015). Oral communication is the base of all forms of communication existent. It is a two way process in between a speaker and a listener. Oral communication is exhibited in different modes. Oral communication is deemed successful when the receiver receives the message, accepts it, and then uses and interprets in the way intended by the sender. Its affectivity depends on a number of aspects like non-verbal communication, listening skills and cl arification (Ahmed, 2015). There is no specific method of acquiring this skill. Individuals are unique and their ways of acceptance are different. The ability to acquire any skill or learn is called aptitude, and the higher it is the easier it is to learn. Irrespective of that, everyone is capable of making progress. It all goes down to the reason of attempting to learn something motivation. Diligence is also an important factor in the process of acquiring effective communication skills (Thill, J. V., Bove, C. L., Chatterjee, R. B., 2013). Importance of oral communication Professionals in all occupations use oral communication effectively for interacting with clients, coworkers or subordinates. Good communication skills can inspire, help in goal setting, and provide comfort in different ways and in different professions. Good oral communication skills are considered an asset in any profession, in any field of life. It is supported by written communication in some instances. Other than that, sign language and touch is also used for communication. The main idea is to be effective, clear and accomplish goals (Boyle, D. M., Mahoney, D. P., Carpenter, B. W., Grambo, R. J., 2014). Significance of oral correspondence while imparting thoughts: A man may have a thought. Be that as it may, on the off chance that he is not ready to express the thoughts adequately to his associates or other individuals, then that thought gets to be pointless. The foundation of oral correspondence is the dialect and the correct verbal trades. To talk in a way that affects the crowd, the speaker must have charge over the dialect, ensure that the nature of discourse is great, the messages in the discourse ought to be successful, utilize words with the end goal that the group of onlookers does not lose intrigue, be comical now and again, utilize words that win over the psyches of the gathering of people, never utilize hostile words, ensure that the discourse conveys the message to the group of onlookers that the speaker has the information about the subject, utilize appropriate pitch and be in clear voice and articulation (Idrus, 2016). Forms of oral communication Oral correspondence is the procedure of verbally transmitting data and thoughts starting with one individual or gathering then onto the next. It is the way toward communicating data or thoughts by overhearing people's conversations. Awesome relational abilities are the ticket to achievement in the scholarly and business world. Knowing when to pick oral correspondence and cleaning talking aptitudes can help at each phase of profession. In oral correspondence individuals utilizing verbal and non-verbal messages to make importance inside and crosswise over different settings, channels and media. These aptitudes incorporates the capacity to talk intelligently and powerfully, comprehension of correspondence hypothesis and procedures, information of verbal and non-verbal prompts, gathering of people investigation, listening abilities and in addition correspondence morals. There are seven structures that oral correspondence dependably happens in (Jackon, 2014). They are as follows: Intrapersonal Communication A self-talk or a discussion you hold with yourself in specific situations; as when you have to settle on a vital choice or learn something important to you called intrapersonal correspondence. This shape is not just portraying the reasoning procedure. It is a reasoning that goes ahead inside us which depends on dialect to convey what needs be. Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal interchanges occur between a few people. Here more than two people groups are included. The type of correspondence may go from the generic to the exceptionally individual. Here the most individual sort of interchanges happens when you chat with individuals who are near you, as your closest companion, relatives and partners. Interpersonal correspondence can happen up close and personal and through electronic channels like video-conferencing, visit rooms, email and twitter (Wood, 2015). Small Group Communication These correspondences occur in a gathering. This gathering as a rule contain five to ten individuals at time. This correspondence serves relationship needs fraternity, family holding and friendship or support and undertaking based necessities, for instance, settling on disciplinary activity or determining struggle in the working environment. Public Communication This correspondence otherwise called open talking, includes correspondence between a speaker and a group of people. The gathering of people may go from only a couple people to thousand or even a great many individuals. The point of the speaker is typically to illuminate or to convince the group of onlookers to act, or think positively (Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E., 2013). Mass Communication At the point when a message is conveyed from a source to numerous collectors everywhere throughout the world it called mass correspondence. This correspondence happen through media like film, radio, video and TV. Cutting edge roads of mass correspondence like the web and online journals can be effective for sure as data is scattered right away. Corporate Communication This corporate correspondence happen among individuals from colleagues, conversing with a chief or supervisor, giving representatives clarification and course, meeting and making presentation are a few cases of corporate correspondence. Compelling corporate relational abilities upgrade corporate picture and effect decidedly on assurance, responsibility, and profitability in companies (Cornelissen, 2014). Intercultural Communication Correspondence between individuals of different societies and ethnicity is named as intercultural correspondence. The world is progressively turning into a worldwide town and each nation has individuals of different ethnicities. In this manner, it is essential to note contrasts in the correspondence practices of various societies if intercultural congruity and comprehension is to be kept up (Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., Roy, C. S., 2014). Models in oral communication The procedure of oral correspondence never contrasts by nation or some other components, it is only a similar procedure around the world. When all is said in done, the oral correspondence process is separated into 3 models in particular linear model, interactive model and transactional model (Phelan, L., Drew, G. D. T., Kalyani, M. N., 2014). Linear Model Linear model is one of the most seasoned model found by Laswell in 1948. This model perspectives correspondence as a restricted correspondence whereby speaker talks and audience tunes in. There is no space for being intuitive under this model. The disservice of linear model is then corrected by another model known as interactive model. Interactive Model This model contends that collector or audience gives inputs to sender or speaker. Basic sounds made by the beneficiary like ahem', 'yes', or notwithstanding gesturing mirrors the input on the encoded message. Transactional Model At last an immaculate model of oral correspondence is found and named as transactional model. This model is acknowledged by today's contemporary communicators. Essentially transactional model demonstrates that correspondence is certainly a continuous and changing procedure as individuals, society, situations, and way of life thus on that includes specifically and in a roundabout way in correspondence change. Components in correspondence are reliant, it's demonstrated in the transactional model. Each individual in the correspondence procedure can be a speaker and audience, and both sender and beneficiary can send and get messages at the same time. For example, in a correspondence procedure between individual An and individual B, Both of them assuming their part as a sender and in addition a beneficiary, and one never hold up until someone else complete his/her sentence to give an input, criticisms are given very quickly, sender or recipient hinders instantly in type of talking or by giving straightforward signals. Essentially every individual is this world is remarkable, each of us may view or consider things in various way however what correspondence intended to do is to host a common comprehension between two gatherings (sender) and (collector) on a matter that is imparted by them. Transactional model demonstrates that response of each speaker and audience in this world is impacted by c onviction, information, encounter, family foundation, self-regard, companions, and environment et cetera. A common oral correspondence environment can be found at Malaysian houses is discussion between relatives in feasting table. Amid the discussion, senior individuals are constantly given the need and regard to talk initially, trailed by the more youthful ones, yet transactional model correspondence is connected whereby more youthful ones dependably gives input by expressing words like 'yes', 'alright', 'genuine', 'yes, I will do' and so on. Techniques to improve oral communication Taking after are a few tips that will be useful in cleaning one's verbal relational abilities, particularly individuals who are non-speaker of the dialect: Reading the daily paper, books and books will enhance vocabulary and will diminish one's shortcomings in talking. Researching more before any presentation and buckling down on the determination of words, and continually attempting to utilize simple words. Excessively troublesome words will make the group of onlookers get exhausted and can likewise make the gathering of people feel second rate as far as vocabulary. Being inviting to the group of onlookers one is going to impart will diminish uneasiness level before getting into the discourse or presentation. When it is obvious that the group of onlookers is prepared to listen it is imperative to just begin then. Before heading off to a presentation requiring significant investment and being very much arranged is essential. One never realizes what sort of inquiries will be gotten some information about amid presentation, so get ready for a wide range of inquiries including pertinent ones furthermore the clumsy ones are essential. Trying to talk less and listen more. By doing as such the group of onlookers will appreciate imparting. By listening more means building a trust with the group of onlookers and ensuring that somebody comprehends their sentiments. Along these lines the gathering of people will share more data, and the compatibility one is attempting to work with the group of onlookers will advance well. Besides dealing with verbal relational abilities, attempting to keep consideration on nonverbal aptitudes too are imperative. The words one is talking ought to be as per their non-verbal communication, outward appearances and signals. It is imperative not to make guarantees with the crowd in the event that one can't satisfy them. This will break the trust and will influence correspondence and in addition the affinity of the association. While having presentations making associations with the last presentation is useful, and this should be possible by just addressing on past presentations. Thinking many times before speaking helps. It is not necessary what one can understand. It should also be understandable to the audience too, One can learn verbal correspondence strategies by taking assistance from seniors. There are heaps of training focuses too that help with enhancing verbal aptitudes (Richards, J. C., Rodgers, T. S., 2014) Views Five Malaysian people were interviewed about the importance of oral of communication skill, and to find out their opinion and idea on how to improve the English speaking skill of Malaysian people in general. Four out of them were between the ages of 20-35 and one was above 45. Three of them were males and rest females. The respondents who were between the ages of 20 to 35 were working in private firms in the field of Information Technology and the other person was working in his own business. The respondents were all natives of Malaysia and from the interviews it could be understood that they all had almost the same kind of views on oral communication skills and its importance in their individual fields. The respondents were asked about their individual oral communication skills and also how they have developed their skills and what are the suggestions they can provide to the fellow Malaysians to improve their speaking or oral skills and also they provided some important suggestions on how to make sure there English speaking skills are developed and what they have individually done to develop their English speaking skills. Most of the respondents suggested enlisting in any English speaking program where they can hone their listening, speaking, reading writing or pronunciation skills specific to English. They have also studied the methodologies and theories related to this course so that they can improve their English speaking skills and also help other people to understand this language and to speak it also. They have been up to date on the scientific researches related to the skills and they have taken part in all kinds of programs that could help them in developing the skills. They have even taken the advice of teachers so they can improve and be better equipped to learn the subject and this language. Some also suggested the integration of innovative technologies so that the participants can practice the skills like setting up documents, editing them, making them and also conducting online surveys and share some thoughts and searching websites for classes related to the subject. They also suggested observing people who are native speakers of this language and trying to absorb some of the gesture or accents of words. The respondents even provided some crucial insights into implementing certain techniques that can help the students of this language or other people who want to improve their communication skills in English. They have themselves implemented these techniques in their personal life and have gained benefits. Some suggested that yes/no questions should be avoided as much as possible. Instead of that questions that make the people speak more should be preferred so that they can elaborate their thoughts and their ideas clearly and the people who are listening to them get a clear idea of what they want to say and also sometimes can correct any mistakes in their sentences or words. They emphasized that the listeners should pay more attention to the speakers so they can help correcting the mistakes. Sometimes the intention might be just to help by not saying anything, but the listeners should not just keep mum. They should put in their thoughts and provide criticism as much as possible to help the speaker. Suggestions were provided that the listeners, when they are trying to listen to the speaker and help them out, should not just look at the speaker directly instead they should pretend to do something else or look at something different so that the speaker feels more comfortable and that speaker's talking speed and scale increases. When the speaker is having a fluency practice session, which is different from any pronunciation and grammar practice, the listener should never correct them until they make a serious mistake. The speakers should be allowed to continue talking so that they can feel that they are communicating properly in spite of the mistakes in pronunciation. Moreover, it is important that they are praised for just speaking and satisfaction should be shown from the listener's side so that the speaker gets encouragement. Encouragement should also be provided to the speaker to watch movies. They should be provided with tips on how to select the movies, how to select content that really matters, based on what they are interested in and what process of developing the communication skills are suited for them. Like if notes and grammar exercises are suitable for their environment and they get the opportunity then those kind of exercises should be put into action. The speakers are the participants and should be encouraged to speak or participate no matter what. They should be made to understand that the participation is what that matters. Their questioning, answering, clarification and helping sessions are what helps them to become better and they can learn from their mistakes. Some of the respondents have even taken part in group discussions and debates. They have taken part in exh ibition where they had to give descriptions, individually or in pairs. It helped them to improve on their skills, especially on the public speaking skills. The respondents emphasised on the importance of regularly taking part in such discussions to better their spoken skills. They have stated that English is an easy language and with practice anyone can be good at it. Reference Ahmed, R. K. E. A. (2015).Impact of English Language Learner's Traits on Oral Communication Skills (Among University Students)(Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Boyle, D. M., Mahoney, D. P., Carpenter, B. W., Grambo, R. J. (2014). The Importance of Communication Skills at Different Career Levels.The CPA Journal,84(8), 40. Cornelissen, J. (2014).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E. (2013).Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Habermas, J. (2015).Communication and the Evolution of Society. John Wiley Sons. Idrus, H. (2016). Enhancing Oral Presentation Skills of ESL Students: The Use of Oral Communication Strategies. InAssessment for Learning Within and Beyond the Classroom(pp. 437-446). Springer Singapore. Jackson, D. (2014). Business graduate performance in oral communication skills and strategies for improvement.The International Journal of Management Education,12(1), 22-34 Phelan, L., Drew, G. D. T., Kalyani, M. N. (2014). Teaching and assessing oral communication skills online: Gauging interest and trialling diverse approaches across the University of Newcastle. Richards, J. C., Rodgers, T. S. (2014).Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press. Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., Roy, C. S. (2014).Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning. Thill, J. V., Bove, C. L., Chatterjee, R. B. (2013).Excellence in business communication. K. Subramanian (Ed.). Pearson. Wood, J. T. (2015).Interpersonal communication: Everyday encounters. Nelson Education. Bibliography Hamilton, C. (2013).Communicating for results: A guide for business and the professions. Cengage Learning. Harris, K. M., Phelan, L., McBain, B., Archer, J., Drew, A. J., James, C. (2016). Attitudes toward learning oral communication skills online: the importance of intrinsic interest and student-instructor differences.Educational Technology Research and Development, 1-19. Hayes, B., Dewey, J., Sancho, M. (2014). Using Video Interaction Guidance to Develop Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Skills in Professional Training for Educational Psychologists.International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education,26(3), 436-444. Larsen-Freeman, D., Anderson, M. (2013).Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching 3rd edition. Oxford university press. Ting-Toomey, S. (2012).Communicating across cultures. Guilford Press. Verderber, K. S., Verderber, R. F., Sellnow, D. D. (2013).Communicate!. Cengage Learning. gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-57995406505688379292019-11-30T13:52:00.001-08:002019-11-30T13:52:04.184-08:00Neoliberalism and Australia free essay sample Does globalisation imply cultural homogenisation? Your answer should consider specific and local global media examples and should include reference to the Appadurai and McChesney article in the course reader. The role of globalization has had a major influence on society and the world, and this essay will argue it has resulted in cultural homogenization. This can be illustrated through an introduction to globalization, the consolidation of media, ownership and vested interests, world standardization and neoliberalism, politics and the media and public service media. Examining the different views of globalization, including Appadurai and McChesney as well as other sources it can be clearly understood the negatives arising due to globalization, and its impact on cultural homogenization. Globalisation can be defined as the process of international integration, including the sharing of ideas, laws, economies, politics, cultures and concepts between nations. To understand globalization, it is necessary to compare the differing viewpoints. Appadurai argues that globalization is a battle between homogenization and heteroisation and that there is a series of ââ¬Ëscapesââ¬â¢ which consist of ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes and ideoscapes. We will write a custom essay sample on Neoliberalism and Australia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Appadurai 2011). He also maintains that as globalization is brought into other countries, they ââ¬Å"tend to become indigenized in one or another wayâ⬠. (Appadurai 2011). This claim rejects the notion that globalization leads to standardization, rather its influence is organic on a nation and not part of a controlled system, such as neoliberalism as argued by McChesney. McChesney defines neoliberalism as ââ¬Å"the set of national and international policies that call for business domination of all social affairs with minimal countervailing forceâ⬠(McChesney, 2001). McChesney believes globalization is actually neoliberalism and it has been presented on a silver platter as free trade when in actual fact, it has caused privatisation of publicly owned assets, deregulation of important safeguards in the financial markets, withdrawal of social provisions by the state, media consolidation by vested interests and the concentration of wealth, power and influence in global corporations unhindered by borders. (Ong, 2006), (Harvey 2005). Ong further states the results have ââ¬Å"menaced national currencies and living conditionsâ⬠. These alternative views contrast with mainstream academics to provide a true picture of the nature of globalization, and its relationship with neoliberalism. These arguments are directly relevant to cultural homogenization because neoliberalism or globalisation is not limited to one particular nation, but rather occurs simultaneously on a global scale, and evolve societies of these nations into a homogenized web of similar systems, processes, governments, corporations and national identities beneath the control of unaccountable global corporations. Consolidation of media or media convergence can be defined as a process where fewer individuals or corporations own the market share of media in a particular country, and a few corporations have most or all the market share. According to McChesney, ââ¬Å"Specific media industries are becoming more and more concentrated, and the dominant players in each media industry increasingly are subsidiaries of huge media conglomeratesâ⬠. (McChesney 2001). He reveals in this source that consolidation of media is a significant issue for the freedom of the press. It can be argued that due to consolidation of media, the lack of ownership diversity will lead to cultural homogenization, as populations receive crucially important news from those with the majority market share, such as Fairfax and Newscorp. Media concentration is heavily evident in Australia, with limited competition. ââ¬Å"The Australian situation has much to do withâ⬠¦the three media dynasties of Packer, Fairfax and Murdoch. All three asserted their private commercial and political interests strongly, and used proprietorial influence in ways that flouted journalistic and editorial independence. â⬠(McCutcheon and Pusey 2011). The source comments on why the market in Australia is so concentrated which include, favourable monopolistic laws and few safeguard regulations, decreases in funding for public broadcasting, restrictions preventing new companies from starting in media due to onerous licencing and regulations preventing new entrants and short term outlook biased toward profits rather than national interest. (McCutcheon and Pusey 2011). Media concentration also causes only certain views and information to enter the public sphere, and may be biased instead of impartially examining both sides, as large corporations follow their own views or agenda. This is why the role of a public broadcasting service is crucial, which will be discussed later. Consolidation of the media is also closely tied to ownership and vested interests. Many media companies source their information from a news agency, or news wire which is a service that provides news from journalists who provide the pipeline of stories, reports and information to media companies. This pipeline can consist of news stories that are broadcast on television, newspaper articles, magazine articles and radio stories. (Paterson 2005). In Australia, the dominant news agency is Australian Associated Press, owned by Newscorp, Fairfax and Seven West Media. This ownership of Australian Associated Press by the three major media companies reveals the true monopoly over information in Australia. This is relevant to globalization implying cultural homogenization, because what controls information through the media, controls the opinions, beliefs and ideas of a people. ââ¬Å"The concerns with ownership relate, in the end, to whom has control over media content and how these people will use this powerâ⬠. This source is critical of concentration of media, and warns that increased concentration has inherent dangers toward a democracy and an informed citizenry. In 2013, Newscorpââ¬â¢s The Daily Telegraph was scrutinized following publication of its ââ¬Å"Kick this mob outâ⬠story, by ABCââ¬â¢s Media Watch program. It was found following an investigation, the political stories published during the first week of the election campaign included 40 out of 80 against the government, and none against the opposition. (Grubel 2013), (Barry 2013). This establishes an example of media concentration, and its power to influence opinions in the public sphere. Ownership and vested interests are not for the public good, and are motivated by profits, which focuses resources on popular stories, not those that may be unpopular, but in the national interest. This leads to cultural homogenisation as the media caters for the masses and can powerfully manipulate and encourage people to express desirable opinions or views. Neoliberalism and world standardization is another important aspect to examine in the argument of globalization implying cultural homogenization. As mentioned earlier, neoliberalism is a worldwide process of privatization of public assets, deregulation and removal of trade protections, consolidation of large corporationââ¬â¢s power through media convergence, and a war on the working class people. ââ¬Å"Neoliberalism wages an incessant attack on democracy, public goods, and non-commodified valuesâ⬠¦As corporate power lays siege to the political process, the benefits flow to the rich and powerful. â⬠(Giroux 2005). Neoliberalism includes the recent austerity measures imposed on European countries following the global financial crisis. The benefits to the rich and powerful, through the neoliberalist agenda include a modification of taxation from wealth generation, to a tax on work. (Collins, Hartman, Kraut and Mota 2004). Giroux states that the free market and capitalism in general, ââ¬Å"spewed forth by the mass media, right wing intellectuals, and governments alike has found its material expression both in an all-out attack on democratic values and in the growth of a range of social problems including: virulent and persistent poverty, joblessness, inadequate healthcare, apartheid in the inner cities and increasing inequalities between the rich and the poor. â⬠(Giroux 2005). By understanding the true role of neoliberalism, its impact on globalisation and standardisation of culture is sharply apparent, in recent times and presently, countries around the world are facing these similar circumstances. Others regard Neoliberalism as a major attack on the people and it ââ¬Å"eliminates the very possibility of critical thinking, without which democratic debate becomes impossible. â⬠(Buck-Morss 2003). Neoliberalism is closely tied to homogenisation, because as the world further integrates all countries become entwined in the web of similarity, where western or internationalist ideas overcome traditional cultures and beliefs. Politics and the media involves the regulations, laws and rules that govern media in Australia. Media regulation is a key aspect of globalisation and neoliberalism. According to Hesmondhalgh, the concept of four waves of marketisation, which included the privitisation of publicly owned companies, regulatory walls between ownership of differing media being abolished, cross media laws, preventing ownership of both print and television by a single owner being removed, and the advertising restrictions on television programs being eased. He expresses the changes as bringing forward ââ¬Å"cultural imperialismâ⬠. (Hesmondhalgh 2008). The history of deregulation of the media in Australia is also discussed. ââ¬Å"In 1987, strict limits on how many stations a company could own were considerably loosened. The main deregulatory act came in 1992, with the broadcasting services Act which weakened restrictions on broadcasters, abolished radio ownership laws almost entirely, and introduced pay television, dominated by Packer and Murdochâ⬠. (Hesmondhalgh 2008). This was complemented in 2006, with further erosions of media protections when the Australian parliament passed laws which lifted foreign and cross media ownership restrictions. The laws resulted in furthered media consolidation, which paved the way for media moguls to have two out of three of newspapers, television and radio stations in a specific area. (ABC 2006). Other sources focus on the internet and the changes which have happened to this medium. Lessig, in Code: and other laws of cyberspace illustrates that there is increasingly commericalisation of what he calls ââ¬Å"codeâ⬠, which refers to the internets basic structure. Lessig warns about the dangers of power concentrated in a few companies. as code writing becomes commercial as it becomes the product of a smaller number of larger companies the governments ability to regulate it increases. (Lessig 1999). This statement indicates that as large companies dominate the internet, they control the code, hence the ability to control the rules, and the regulations are not favourable to democracy as protections are removed and new regulations allowing large companies to maintain their dominant market position are introduced. Public service media, for example the British Broadcasting Corporation and Australian Broadcasting Corporation is owned by governments and accountable to the public, as opposed to commercial media. ââ¬Å"It has been argued that online public service media continue to play a vital role as institutional guarantors of media citizenship principles such as provision of accurate and unbiased information, distribution of social knowledge, providers of opportunity for deliberation, and outlets committed to diversity of representation and maximisation of participation and pluralism. On the other hand, the crucial role that public service media plays is being severely interfered with by government. In May 2013, a revival of government discussions centred around the privatisation of ABC and SBS. This would include anâ⬠operational reviewâ⬠to ââ¬Å"look at the feasibility of partial or full privitisation of bothâ⬠. (Gordon 2013). This is directly relevant to the cultural homogenisation argument, because with the privitisation of public service broadcasting in Australia, the diversity of content would disappear. The traditional model of public broadcasting affords the organisation sufficient political independence to defend their values and interests as well as the provision of media content to those audiences that the commercial sector would likely neglectâ⬠. (Errington Miragliotta 2012). This source reveals that public service media has a commitment to serve the common good, rather than ratings and as its audience are ââ¬Ëcitizensââ¬â¢, not ââ¬Ëviewersââ¬â¢, it is accountable to the people. With the privatisation agenda already under discussion, the ABC and SBS future is uncertain. Public media is essential for a robust democracy, and by privatisation as witnessed through these arguments, can only lead to cultural homogenisation and the neoliberalist agenda. Throughout an examination of the topics covered, a number of conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, cultural homogenisation and globalisation are aspects in concert with neoliberalism, and their impact on society is negative. Secondly, those with alternative viewpoints to either globalisation or neoliberalism are fiercely opposed to it, regarding it as an attack on democracy. gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-82450607620985274482019-11-26T05:10:00.001-08:002019-11-26T05:10:04.579-08:00Open Innovation EssaysOpen Innovation Essays Open Innovation Essay Open Innovation Essay UNIVERSITY OF BATH, MSC IN INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT Connect and Develop PGs big stake in open innovation Limali Panduwawala Suvidha Venkatesh Pedro Parraguez Xiajing Zhang 27/11/2009 Abstract: This report explores Ps Connect and Develop open innovation initiative. Its focus is to analyse this innovation strategy in the context of the formal academic theory, other PGs programmes and the company situation. Its objective is to understand the impacts, challenges and problems of implementing a large open innovation initiative inside a corporate giant such as P. Keywords: Procter Gamble, P, Open Innovation, Connect and Develop, Innovation Networks Connect and Develop, Ps big stake in open innovation 1 Introduction Innovation is the main driver for economic growth and progress of companies. In the age of the internet, it assumes even greater importance as maintaining competitive advantage becomes tougher with technology that brings the world closer and collapses the concept of time and space. Procter Gamble is a company that has been a pioneer in this field of innovation. They are global manufacturers and marketers of consumer products with complex operational networks. PG have been able to maintain their position in the market by adopting various innovation techniques and strategies. This report looks at the innovation strategies adopted by PG, particularly with a focus on Open Innovation. The report describes the theoretical framework of the innovation model the company has used along with its Innovation strategy and its management, followed by an analysis of the PG Open Innovation model, its problems and challenges and our conclusions. 2 2. 1 Theoretical Framework Innovation networks One assumes that innovation is a stand-alone concept which works well independently. In reality this is not true. To convert a good idea into a profitable product/service a lot more input from different people and different perspectives is required. Making innovation happen is about bring people or teams together in a creative and productive manner. In the era of globalisation with access to high-speed infrastructure and with teams on the move all the time, building, maintaining and developing networks becomes the key issue in the process of innovation. Usually innovation is seen as core process with a defined architecture with external influences acting on it. However, in reality it is not such a simplified structure. It is far more complex than that. The path of knowledge around an innovation project is more complex and interactive, appearing like some kind of ââ¬Ësocial spaghettiââ¬â¢ where different people talk at different times about different issues. (Tidd and Bessant, 2008) A network can be defined as a complex interconnected system or structure, which is used to get work done. A network consists of nodes or points of action which are occupied by 2 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation individuals, companies, research institutions, universities, governments, customers and so on. These networks are greatly affected by how economic activities are influenced by the social setup and the position that the nodes or points occupy in the network. Therefore, a network can be influenced in two ways, i. e. by the interaction within the network and through the differences in position of the nodal players, which can cause power and control imbalance. Networks work best when the advantages of Co-specialisation, sharing infrastructure and standards and other benefits outweigh the costs of network governance and maintenance. (Tidd and Bessant, 2008) The above mentioned innovation networks, are the conceptual grounds where the Open Innovation (OI) model emerges, thus they are a critical structure to understand Ps Connect and Develop model. 2. 2 Open innovation In the traditional model of innovation, the focus was mainly on research and development laboratories, where invention of new concepts and technologies were carried out using internal and external sources of information. These RD labs usually concentrated on bringing out new technologies for self-commercialisation. This process can be viewed in the form of a funnel, where a large number of varied ideas and concepts can be trimmed down to few of those concepts and ideas that best meet the requirements of the company. (OECD, 2008) In recent times, companies have become more open with their innovation process, leading to revolution described as ââ¬Å"Open Innovationâ⬠by Chesbrough (2003). This ââ¬Ëopen innovationââ¬â¢ model is a more dynamic model when compared the traditional model as there is much more interaction between knowledge assets outside the company as well as inside. Henry Chesbrough (2003) in his book ââ¬Å"Open Innovation: New Imperative for creating and profiting from technologyâ⬠defines open innovation as a concept in which companies must use ideas from inside as well as outside sources and find internal and external ways to reach the market in order to advance their technological capabilities. Open innovation combines these 3 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation concepts of inside and outside ideas into systems and structures so that there is some order in the chaos. In another book ââ¬Å"Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovative Landscapeâ⬠he defines open innovation as the flow of knowledge internally and externally such that it moves the process of innovation at a much faster pace and so that new markets can be found for the use of this innovation. Open innovation means that firms should start using ideas and technologies from external sources and knowledge assets to create new and improved products/services. In the process, they should let others use their unused ideas which in turn can become a profitable venture by itself. This process would require an open business model to be in place. 3 Innovation Strategy at P One of the core strengths of the company is its Innovation strategy. Its CEO A. G Lafley believes that innovation is at the heart of P business model. The company uses innovation to create value with retail partners, satisfy customers and to create new business models to maintain sustainable growth (Datamonitor, 2009). The company boasts of a range of industry firsts (Appendixes 7. 1 and 7. 2). P uses a unique design for innovation comprising of five major categories (Datamonitor, 2009): ? ? ? ? ? Defining innovation broadly Investing in innovation at industry levels Managing innovation with discipline Delivering innovation that builds consumer trust and loyalty over time Using global brands and an outstanding team of innovation leaders to lead innovation One unique feature in P strategy is that innovation is involved in every area of the product which makes contact with the customer, such as the packaging, the shopping experience, the in-home product usage experience as well as the product itself (Datamonitor, 2009). A good example is the companyââ¬â¢s family care business where the innovations are customer focused rather than technology focused. This means that each product offers customized benefits to meet different consumer needs. The company also involves its customers in the innovation process on a daily basis. 4 Connect and Develop, Ps big stake in open innovation The company supports sustainable innovation, investing heavily in RD to bring better quality products to the market. PGs budget for RD amounts to nearly $2 billion an year: twice the amount spent by Unilever, PGs biggest competitor. This proves the companyââ¬â¢s dedication towards sustainable innovation (Datamonitor, 2009). 3. 1 Managing Innovation at PG Historically PGs innovation strategy was focused on its internal capabilities. The company had minimal experience externally and was not involved with its competitors. The model used by the company was a traditional stage gate model (Heimberg, 2008). This model (See appendix 7. 5) helped PG until 2000 when the company faced major financial difficulties. With the increase in the pace of innovation, costs, fast followers, constrained resources and more consumer demands the traditional model was unable to deliver the required results (Heimberg, 2008). The company required a growth rate which exceeded the industry growth rateâ⬠. This Figure 2, Open Innovation Model (Heimberg, 2008) Figure 1, Stage gate Model (Heimberg, 2008) equired collaboration with external sources (Lafley, 2008); commonly known as Open Innovation. This initiative was named connect and develop where the company collaborates with external sources for innovative ideas and technologies. When the process began the 10-15% of the innovations at PG included ideas from external sources and today this has increased to 50%, resulting in the company achieving a 6% organic growth in an ind ustry, which is growing at 2-3 %. ( Lafley, 2008) 5 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation The company today works on a ââ¬Ëproudly found elsewhereââ¬â¢ culture which has opened the door for many innovations. Although Connect and Develop is now considered the major Innovation initiative taken up by the company, there are several other strategies which drive the success at P. 3. 2 Complementary P Innovation Strategies 3. 2. 1 User driven innovation: User driven innovation mainly focuses on developing products based on customer needs. P carries out user driven innovation by engaging their customers as co-designers (Datamonitor, 2009). 3. 2. The Corporate Innovation Fund: This can simply be described as an in-house venture capital firm which hands over successful innovations to the relevant business units in the company. The firm carries out the initial concept, design, engineering and qualifications work prior to handing over the ideas; and specializes in high-risk, high reward ideas (Datamonitor, 2009). 3. 2. 3 Innovation Net: A knowledge sharing solution at P, Innova tion net provides access to 18,000 knowledge workers at P from the R to the Patent/Legal and Business Information systems (AskMe, 2001). The main function of innovation net is to allow users to catalogue, locate and maintain employee knowledge. This provides employees with the ability to take immediate action when required. (Haimila, 2002) 3. 2. 4 Enterprise 2. 0: This is P version of web 2. 0 which is a set of web based software service that helps increase the involvement of employees in establishing and managing data. In addition to this, the company is also allowing its employees to personalize its web portal by adding RSS feeds of news and business information (Hines, 2007). This web-based service includes the customer and the suppliers web portals, online hubs for all the interactions with supermarkets, suppliers and technology providers around the world Recent research has shown that innovation within the business can only occur if the structure of the business and the internal talent of the organization are structured to encourage collaboration between the employees and knowledge sharing (Oââ¬â¢Hara, 2009). 6 Connect and Develop, Ps big stake in open innovation Therefore, the above initiatives indicate the efforts taken by PG to promote successful innovation within the company. . 3 PGââ¬â¢s Connect and Develop Model Explained From RD to CD Besides all the innovations above, PG has given great attention to product innovation. At first, like every other company, they had an RD group which is good for exploiting knowledge and doing research inside the firm itself. However, the drawbacks are also obvious. There is no guarantee that all these blue-sk y researches will be a success and it has high risk and cost associated (Bessant and Tidd, Table 12. 2, 2007). Besides, only by getting out of the lab can researchers find and listen to customer wants and needs. Initially, less than 10% of PG technologies were being used in products. Which meant that many unused technologies were being kept hidden, much like antiques-valuable but useless. Whatââ¬â¢s more, with knowledge increasing and refreshing at an exponential rate and much important innovations being carried out in small entrepreneurial firms (Bessant and Tidd, 2007), PG realized it is impossible for them to complete everything alone while at the same time create satisfactory operating results for their shareholders. Things had to be changed. Therefore, PG decided to introduce a new business model to cope with both the desire for external ideas coming in and own ideas going out. Instead of the traditional inhouse research model ââ¬Å"Research and Developmentâ⬠, they formed a department called ââ¬Å"Connect and Developmentâ⬠which is based on ââ¬Å"Open Innovationâ⬠. The idea was to bring together external research institutions, customers, suppliers, individuals and even competitors to develop the market for new products. They established a web site (www. pgconnectdevelop. com) to communicate with the resources outside. The mechanism works like this: they simply put all their needs on this website in classified categories, and then anyone who is interested or has the solution could propose their ideas and get assessed by a specialized team. Payments can range from US$10,000 to US$100,000 (Bessant and Tidd, 2008). After this model has been applied, PG is able to drive new innovation through collaboration with external partners in at least 50% of the cases (Sakkab 2002, cited by Dodgson, Gann, Salter 2006, P. 6). Furthermore, this model seems to work 7 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation well: in 2004, P reported a 17% increase in volume, a 19% increase in sales, a 25% rise in earnings and a total shareholders return of 24% (ANOY 2005). Thanks to the invention of the internet, another way for P to gain more external resources is to find solutions in other technology brokers such as Innocentive, Yet2 and NineSigma. 4 Discussion: Connect and Develop problems and challenges Mixing elements from open innovation models, articulating multiple innovation networks and investing heavily in knowledge management tools, (i. . Innovation Net) P has created its own novel way to deal with the new challenges of generating growth in mature markets through innovation. Nevertheless, they are not exempt from problems and challenges. Below are briefly described some of the most critical issues identified, that if not addressed properly might put in risk P long term success. 4. 1 The dangers of ââ¬Å"outsourcingâ⬠innovation Bein g able to access external knowledge and leveraging in this way, innovation sounds like a very reasonable strategy. Nevertheless, important risks lie behind it; Firstly Lean innovation might become fragile innovation and lead to a progressive loss of internal capabilities to develop their own innovations. This might damage in the long term their most important competitive advantage, their expertise to innovate. One example of this risk is in the aeronautical industry, were Boeing and Airbus are distributing their manufacturing and R capabilities so widely, that experts believe they might lose an important part of their critical knowledge over time. (Aron, Singh, 2005) 4. Managing the intellectual property and its negotiations in an open environment Although P believes that connect and development will become the dominant innovation model in the twenty-first century (Huston, Sakkab, 2006), the drawback is obviously about how to protect its intellectual property. Case becomes much more complicated after the open innovation model is applied. In the past, all the innovations were kept inside of the co mpany, and P only needed to decide whether to apply for the patent for a certain 8 Connect and Develop, Ps big stake in open innovation innovation or not, fairly simple. However, in this model, there are many in-licensing and outlicensing of innovation and technology, which makes the protection of the intellectual property a big problem. The company needs to consider the most appropriate way to protect their new inventions. For example if the inventor does not have good protection, they are creating something that others can have for free (Docherty, 2008). Therefore, patents should be looked at closely. Another problem that arises from this issue is how to manage hundreds or thousands of relationships with small technology providers (individual inventors, university departments, private RD labs, etc. that have no formal relationship in the long term with PG and do not share the same incentives. Internal success cases (shown in appendix 7. 3), like the Magic Eraser shows clearly the complexity of the Connect Develop programme and how it must deal in an ad-hoc way to handle every case. Thus to innovate systematically in an open environment, huge trans actional costs are usually incurred; cost that are not present when the innovation occurs in a closed fashion. 4. 3 Issues about how to select and filter really innovative ideas To cope with the complexity found in the CD model, PG tries to select technologies as mature and proven as possible (Huston, Sakkab, 2006). This is good to reduce implementation and technological risks, but it reduces the chances to customize and produce radical innovations because PGs R department intervenes only in the final stages. This filter certainly limits the potential of the open innovation model, adding a cap on it, and also generates a problem because internal R capabilities are less exercised, aggravating the issue expressed in point 4. 1. . 4 Identifying the Serial Innovatorsâ⬠According to the Pareto Principle (80-20 rule) we should expect that most of the valuable innovations come from a very reduced group of bright individuals. This is particularly important when the challenge is to identify the serial innovators in an open innovation environment. This is because of the high number of individuals involved and the fact that they are not inside the company. For PG identifying and nurturing this valuable group will became a key issue and an interesting potential competitive advantage. 9 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation 4. 5 Connect Develop financial results In spite of the fact that sales and profits increased over time after the implementation of CD and some of its notorious success cases (Appendix 7. 4), it is still not clear if this strategy has given PG a significant advantage compared with their traditional model of innovation before the year 2000. Stock market trends indicate that PG has followed a very similar stock price trajectory compared with its industry (Figure YYY) and so the real effect of CD is difficult to calculate in financial terms. Regardless of all the original hype, CD does not seem to be a real game changer in this business arena, or at least not yet. Figure 3, PG stock price evolution, Yahoo! Finance 10 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation 4. 6 The complexity of the system and its interactions Connect and Develop and all the other innovation initiatives inside PG, have created a complex set of structures and interactions, transforming the management of this system into a challenge by itself. At the heart of these interactions and the management of innovation, PG have two critical positions; The Technology Entrepreneurs and the Research Fellows, the first are the scouts, hunting new innovations outside of the company and later lobbying inside to bring them in. The second are in charge of the conceptual development and continuous refinement of CD, acting as the back office of this intricate system. To understand better this sort of spaghetti model of innovation and the challenges of its management a simplified overall view of the system is provided below in figure 3. PGââ¬â¢s Innovation Ecosystem User Driven Innovation Corporate Innovation Funds Innovation Technologies Connect Development Suppliers Networks Proprietary Innovation Net Technology entrepreneurs Research Fellows Open NineSigma (Multidisciplinary) Suppliers Portal Customers Portal YourEncore (senior RD talent) Selection usually restricted to mature technologies Enterprise 2. 0 Idea search focus: ? ? ? Top ten consumer needs Adjacencies Tech Game Boards Yet2. com (IP broker) InnoCentive (Specific problems) Figure 4, PGs ecosystem 11 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation Conclusions PGââ¬â¢s Connect and Development programme has become a clear business case when it comes to implementing an open innovation initiative inside a large company. They have created a completely new set of complex tools, networks inside and outside their company and invested strategically in this specific option to drive a major part of their innovation in new products. Thus, Connect and D evelop represents a big stake and compromise in the long term, with a new business paradigm that has not fully been tested yet, and involves an intricate network of activities and concepts. On the Backstage of CD, we find several interconnected innovation networks with customers, suppliers, internal staff and external innovation agents. Knowledge management tools are also embedded deeply in the structure, supported by innovation technologies based on information and communication technologies (ICT) such as web platforms like ââ¬Å"Innovation Netâ⬠and other special software that help the work of the research fellows and technology entrepreneurs, who are the vital links in the Open Innovation implementation of PG. All this involves great complexity, new risks and challenges. So far, in terms of financial growth (Appendix 7. ) it seems that Lafley (PGââ¬â¢s CEO) has chosen the right path. Nevertheless, this is clearly just the beginning of a long journey that depends greatly on the skills to manage a heterogeneous and worldwide network of innovators without losing the vital internal capabilities and competitive advantages in this process, something that is yet to be proved. 12 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation 6 References ? Annon, 2005. Procter Gambleââ¬â¢s innovation success- new research, new products, new markets. strategic direction, VOL. 21 NO. 7 ,p. 13. Annon, 2009. Yahoo! Finance Website. [Accessed 26 november 2009]. Available from: http://uk. finance. yahoo. com/q? s=PGm=USd=. Aron, R. , Singh, J. (2005). Getting Offshoring Right. Harvard Business Review, 83(12), 135143. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database. AskMe, 2001. Procter and Gamble enhances innovation by purchasing another instalment of AskMe enterprise [Online]. Available from: realcominc. com/pdf/PGPressRelease. pdf [Accessed last on 16 November 2009] Bessant, J. and Tidd, J. , 2007. Innovation and Entrepreneurship. England: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Bessant, J. and Tidd, J. , 2008. Managing Innovation. 4th ed. England: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Carvin,N. 2009. PG: Look ahead to September 2009 quarterly results. [Online]. Available from financial-gauges. com/2009/09/pg-look-ahead-to-september-2009. html [Accessed last on 17 November 2009] Chesbrough, H. 2006. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovative Landscape. Harvard business School press, Boston, Massachusetts Chesbrough, H. 2006. Open Innovation, The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts Cooper, R. G and Mills, M. S. , 2005. Succeeding at new products the PG way: Work the Innovation Diamond[Online]. Available from proddev. com/pdf/Succeeding_at_New_Products_the_PG_Way. pdf [Accessed last on 15 November 2009] Datamonitor, 2009. Procter and Gamble Company, The. [Online]. Available from http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=9hid=4sid=6810e15d-3545-4d7b -9b0440b0f06408d8%40sessionmgr4 [Accessed last on 14 November 2009] Docherty, M. , 2008. Protection beyond patent[Online]. Available from: http://venture2. typepad. com/innovationnet/intellectual_property/ [Accessed last on 25 November 2009]. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 13 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation ? Dodgson, M. , Gann, D. , AND Salter, A. 2006, RD Management. The role of technology in the shift towards open innovation: the case of Procter Gamble, pp. 333-346. Friscia,T. ,2008. A Conversation With Procter Gamble CEO A. G. Lafley. [Online]. Available from amrresearch. com/Content/View. aspx? compURI=tcm:7-37226 [Accessed last on 15 November 2009] Haimila, S. , 2002. Procter Gamble pampers RD. [Online]. A vailable from kmworld. com/Articles/News/KM-In-Practice/ProcterGamble-pampers-RD8498. aspx [Accessed last on 17 November 2009] Heimberg, J. 2008. Open Innovation at PG from Research Develop to Connect Develop. Online]. Available from gdch. de/strukturen/fg/wirtschaft/vcw_va/heimburg. pdf [Accessed last on 20 November 2009 ] Hines, A. , 2007. Web 2. 0 inside Procter and Gamble. [Online]. Available from http://blogs. bnet. com/intercom/? p=394 [Accessed last on 24 November 2009] ? ? ? ? ? Huston, L. , Sakkab, N. (2006). Connect and develop ââ¬âinside PGââ¬â¢s new model for innovation. (cover story). Harvard Business Review, 84(3), 58-66. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database. Learning Markets, 2009. Procter Gamble down but not out; PG, KMB, CL . [Online]. Available from earningmarkets. com/index. php/200908053510/News-Feed/NewsFeed/procter-a-gamble-down-but-not-out-pg-kmb-cl. html [Accessed last on 22 November 2009] Oââ¬â¢Hara, J. , 2009. Sustainable Innovat ion. [Online]. Available from realinnovation. com/offsite. asp? A=FrUrl= busmanagement. com/p astissue/article. asp? art=26868issue=165 [Accessed last on 22 November 2009] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2008. Open Innovation in Global Networks [Online] Available from:http://lysander. sourceoecd. org. ezp1. bath. ac. uk/vl=2368171/cl=13/nw=1/rps v/cgibin/fulltextew. l? prpsv=/ij/oecdthemes/9998010x/v2008n14/s6/p64. idx [Accessed last on 24 November 2009] Reuters, 2009. Warner Chilcott Ltd. To Buy Procter Gamble Co. Unit For $3 Billion. [Online]. Available from reuters. com/finance/stocks/keyDevelopments? symbol=PGpn=2 [Accessed last on 19 November 2009] ? ? ? ? 14 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation 7 7. 1 Appendixes General Company Profile Procter and Gamble commonly known as PG started as a soap and candle company in Cincinnati, Ohio in the year 1837. Today it is a global manufacturer and marketer of consumer products. There are three main Global Business Units (GBU), the company focuses on: Beauty, health and well being, and household care (Datamonitor, 2009). The role of each GBU is to recognize common consumer needs, develop new product innovations. By successful innovations and marketing strategies GBUs also helps build the PG brands. The other main sector of the business is the Global operations group which is subdivided into Market Development Organization and Global Business Services. Being the worldââ¬â¢s largest consumer goods company, PG markets more than 300 brands in over 180 countries and functions in Europe, Asia and he Americas (Datamonitor, 2009). Some of the companyââ¬â¢s major products include Tide, Pampers, Pantene, Pringle, Gillette and Ariel (Carvin, 2009). The major strengths of the company include its focus on Innovation, Leading market position, strong brands portfolio and a diversified range of products. One of the major weaknesses of the company is its dependence on Wal-Mart. This can lead to a weakness in the bargaining power of the company especially considering that fact that 15% of PGs revenue since 2006 is through sales to Wall-mart (Datamonitor, 2009). An increase in PG product recalls were also noticed in the past couple of years and this can tarnish the brand image of the relevant products. The company should also expect to face difficulties due to Global economic changes, counterfeit goods and increasing regulations on products (Datamonitor, 2009). In the fourth quarter of the Fiscal year 2009 PG faced one of the most difficult financial periods in decades (Learning Markets, 2009). The company has sold off its Folgers coffee business and in August 2009, signed a deal to sell its Global Pharmaceutical business. (Reuters, 2009). 15 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation PGs Major Competitors (DataMonitor, 2009) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Unilever Avon Products, Inc. Colgate-Palmolive Company Henkel KGaA Kimberly-Clark Corporation Reckitt Benckiser PLC Energizer Holdings LOreal S. A. 7. 2 List of PG Innovations (DataMonitor, 2009) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Tide: the first heavy-duty laundry detergent Crest: the first fluoride toothpaste clinically proven to prevent tooth decay Downy: the first ultra-concentrated rinse-add fabric softener Pert Plus: the first 2-in-1 shampoo and conditioner Head Shoulders: the first pleasant-to-use hampoo effective against dandruff Pampers: the first affordable, mass-marketed disposable diaper Bounty: the first three-dimensional paper towel Always: the first feminine protection pad with an innovative, dry-weave top sheet Febreze: the first fabric and air care products that actually remove odours from fabrics and the air Crest White Strips: the first patented in-home teeth whitening technology ââ¬Å"PG continues to be one of the few companies in the consumer product industry that create new categories and brands, new performance standards, and new definitions of consumer value. Swiffer and Febreze created entirely new product categories. Crest ProHealth, Olay Regenerist and Definity, Pampers Baby Stages of Development, and Tide with Bleach redefined high performance in their categories. Olay innovation has created new 16 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation consumer experiences that are as good as/ or better than several-hundred-dollar department and specialty store brandsâ⬠(DataMonitor, 2009). PG has formed a unique design for innovation which has helped them maintain consistent innovations across the wide range of products the company manufactures. 7. 3 Successful cases Pringles potato crisps In order to make the potato crisps more fun and attracting, PG is thinking of putting animals, jokes on each crisp. One researcher suggested ink-jetting pictures onto the potato, nonetheless, it was very difficult because this need a very fast-processing printer and also provided different images and colours. For PG, they also have to negotiate with an ink-jet printer company which will take at least two years. However, they discover a professor from Bologna, Italy, has already invented an ink-jet method for printing pictures on cakes through their European network. It only takes less than a year for PG achieve double-digit growth from technology provided to market penetration. Pampers diaper Pampers diapers, with annual sales of more than 8 billion U. S. dollars, is the worlds first disposable diaper brand. Nonetheless, the none-leaking underlying coating technology was actually not first invented by Pampers. It is transferred from a U. S Navy department which researches in the submarine technology. Mr Clean Magic Eraser (The Osaka case) This interesting case shows how scattered the product development process can be. Everything starts with a PGs technology entrepreneur looking for new products in Osaka, Japan when he finds in the shelves and interesting new cleaning solution based on a novel sponge. After tracking the sponge providers, he ends up in BASF (German Chemicals manufacturer) who developed originally this solution as effective insulation for buildings. After negotiating directly with them PG starts commercializing an 17 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation innovative new set of household cleaning sponges developed in close alliance with BASF. 7. 4 Financials All numbers in thousands PERIOD ENDING 30-Jun-09 79,029,000 38,898,000 40,131,000 30-Jun-08 83,503,000 40,695,000 42,808,000 30-Jun-07 76,476,000 36,686,000 39,790,000 Total Revenue Cost of Revenue Gross Profit Operating Expenses Research Development Selling General and Administrative Non Recurring Others Total Operating Expenses Operating Income or Loss Income from Continuing Operations Total Other Income/Expenses Net Earnings Before Interest And Taxes Interest Expense Income Before Tax Income Tax Expense Minority Interest Net Income From Continuing Ops Non-recurring Events Discontinued Operations Extraordinary Items Effect Of Accounting Changes Other Items Net Income Preferred Stock And Other Adjustments Net Income Applicable To Common Shares Figure 5, Income Statements 07-09, Yahoo! Finance 24,008,000 16,123,000 25,725,000 17,083,000 24,340,000 15,450,000 560,000 16,683,000 1,358,000 15,325,000 4,032,000 11,293,000 462,000 17,545,000 1,467,000 16,078,000 4,003,000 12,075,000 564,000 16,014,000 1,304,000 14,710,000 4,370,000 10,340,000 2,143,000 13,436,000 $13,436,000 12,075,000 $12,075,000 10,340,000 $10,340,000 All numbers in thousands 8 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation PERIOD ENDING 30-Jun-09 13,436,000 30-Jun-08 12,075,000 30-Jun-07 10,340,000 Net Income Operating Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In Depreciation Adjustments To Net Income Changes In Accounts Receivables Changes In Liabilities Changes In Inventories Changes In Other Operating Activities Total Cash Flow From Operating Activities Investing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In Capital Expenditures Investments Other Cashflows from Investing Activities Total Cash Flows From Investing Activities Financing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In Dividends Paid Sale Purchase of Stock Net Borrowings Other Cash Flows from Financing Activities Total Cash Flows From Financing Activities Effect Of Exchange Rate Changes Change In Cash and Cash Equivalents Figure 6, PG Cash Flow 07-09, Yahoo! Finance ,082,000 (1,265,000) 415,000 (742,000) 721,000 (728,000) 14,919,000 3,166,000 1,769,000 432,000 134,000 (1,050,000) (712,000) 15,814,000 3,130,000 921,000 (729,000) (273,000) (389,000) 435,000 13,435,000 (3,238,000) 166,000 719,000 (2,353,000) (3,046,000) (50,000) 547,000 (2,549,000) (2,945,000) 673,000 (211,000) (2,483,000) (5,044,000) (5,689,000) (81,000) (10,814,000) (284,000) $1,468,000 (4,655,000) (8,180,000) (2,815,000) (15,650,000) 344,000 ($2,041,000) (4,209,000 ) (4,079,000) (4,190,000) (12,478,000) 187,000 ($1,339,000) 9 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation Last Trade: Trade Time: Change: Prev Close: Open: Bid: Ask: 62. 87 $ Nov 25 0. 07 (0. 11%) 62. 80 62. 94 N/A N/A Days Range: 52wk Range: Volume: Avg Vol (3m): Market Cap: P/E: EPS : 62. 70 63. 48 43. 93 64. 55 8,244,877 12,486,000 $183. 25 B 14. 65 x 4. 29$ 1. 72$ Dividend: 1y Target Est: 66. 25$ Figure 7, PG Long Term Stock price, Yahoo! Finance 7. 5 PGs Innovation or Initiatives Diamond Figure 8, PGS Innovation Diamond. Cooper Mills, 2005) The initiatives diamond is used by PG to guide their new product efforts and focuses the managementââ¬â¢s attention on the criteria important for success. The diamond can be divided into two sections where the top half involves strategic aspects which identifies the product innovation strategy such as goals, the mix of new products required to meet the goals and the essential resources(Cooper Millsa,2005). The bottom half fo cuses on delivering specific new projects/initiatives. It is more operational and helps identify how the methods to manage projects successfully using PGs idea-to-launch SIMPL method (Cooper Mills, 2005). 20 Connect and Develop, PGs big stake in open innovation SIMPL: Successful Initiative Management and Product Launch Model This is PGs version of a stage-gate model and is a method used to impel products from the idea phase to the launch and post launch phases. Figure 9, PGs SIMPL Process (Cooper Mills, 2005) As can be seen from the diagram the SIMPL model has four main stages. These gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-90404528183151979132019-11-22T12:33:00.001-08:002019-11-22T12:33:03.958-08:00How to get the most out of your internship and actually learn somethingHow to get the most out of your internship and actually learn something Internships are great learning experiences. You get to dip a toe in your chosen industry, and either start working toward the future job you want, or decide that hey, maybe itââ¬â¢s not for you after all. (It happens.) But how do you maximize your relatively short time at your internship? What are you supposed to take from it, besides a resume point? One word: networking. Networking, or forming relationships with people in your professional field, is one of the most important things you can do at every level of your career. And when youââ¬â¢re just starting out in an internship, you have the opportunity to start building that network the right way. Here are 4 strategies you can use as an intern to get that network up and running.1. Donââ¬â¢t blow off company events.Company events can be awkward and boring, sure, but they also have two things going for them: 1) free food (usually); and 2) people congregating in one place. So if your internship company advertises any kind of g roup event thatââ¬â¢s open to employees, you should go, even if itââ¬â¢s not mandatory. Company softball game, and you canââ¬â¢t throw? Go and sit in the stands and make friends. Book party for that executive who wrote a super-boring treatise on project management? Go, eat some cheese cubes, and chat with people from departments other than your own. Any event can be useful for networking, as long as youââ¬â¢re up for it. And even if youââ¬â¢re an introvert, donââ¬â¢t let that stop you.2, Organize your own events.As an intern, it can feel like youââ¬â¢re on the low end of the power scale, but that doesnââ¬â¢t mean you canââ¬â¢t try to make inroads with the people around you. You might not want to start by inviting the CEO for drinks, but you can try to organize lunches with your fellow interns, or some kind of after-work activity where you invite some of the people you work with.3. Ask for references before you leave.Donââ¬â¢t be shy! Before you wrap up your internship, ask key people if you can use them as a recommendation for future jobs. This way, youââ¬â¢re not only cementing your network contact, but also setting up a framework for actually asking for a reference later. Most people will likely say yes, but if you get a ââ¬Å"no,â⬠donââ¬â¢t sweat it- just move on to someone who might be more appropriate or willing to provide you a reference.4. Stay in touch.Before you leave the company at the end of summer or your internship period, send a thank you to everyone youââ¬â¢ve worked with- everyone whoââ¬â¢s helped you in some way. Get business cards or contact information, then make an effort to stay in touch. LinkedIn is a great way to do this, but itââ¬â¢s also good to drop an email once in a while, ask how things are going these days at Corporate Corp., and let them know what youââ¬â¢re up to as well. Maintaining network relationships isnââ¬â¢t that hard, unless you let them lapse and have to awkwardl y start from the beginning when you need something later.Whatever on-the-job expertise you gain from your internship, the longer-term benefits are likely to come from the relationships you form while working there. Make sure youââ¬â¢re making the most of your time at any company, no matter how you feel about the work. gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-82400005004913425462019-11-20T23:32:00.001-08:002019-11-20T23:32:04.224-08:00Government & Business - the service user as the stake holder EssayGovernment & Business - the service user as the stake holder - Essay Example mited to the following: roads, provision of electricity and water, health services, education through the provision of school and other social amenities. The concepts of the consumer, client, user, citizen and the general public have been used to refer to the service users. The literature examines the users of public services, how these users are positioned or perceived. Besides, it looks at how the service users are involved in the delivery of services (Barnes et al., 2008, p.401). As such it looks at them as significant stakeholder in the government and the business sector. The paper reviews the literature and presents its strength with regards to the manner in which it covers the literature. Other areas that require significant analysis and consideration are also pointed towards the end of the discussion. It has been noted that the literature misses certain significant point. The conclusion is then presented clearly on the basis of the literature analysis. It objectively brings ou t the researchers views with regards to the service users as stakeholders in the government and business sector agencies (Leadbetter, 2004, p.81). Service users as has been described can be clients, consumers, customers, citizens and the general public who constantly interact with the government and business and make effective use of the services that these two provide. In essence, it is the service users that justify the existence of a business or a government. It is very prudent to state the fact that businesses exist because of the service users and service users do not exist because of the business (Barnes et al., 2008, p.387). In the same vein, the government exists to provide services to its citizens who are essentially the service users. It is on the basis of this recognition that businesses strive to delight their customers, treat them passionately and acknowledge them as a very critical success factor. As such, the service users are the people who use the services such as gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-25790594429376485482019-11-19T05:24:00.001-08:002019-11-19T05:24:03.977-08:00Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the flag state measures EssayCompare and contrast the effectiveness of the flag state measures - Essay Example Flag state, port state and trade measures are implemented for promoting responsible operations of fisheries. Flag state measures in relation to a fishing vessel, are the rules implemented by the state under whose laws the fishing vessel is registered or licensed. In the case of a fishing vessel that is not registered or licensed under the laws of any state, the term refers to actions taken by the state whose flag the fishing vessel is entitled to ply2. Port state measures refers to the ââ¬Å"inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements for international regulations, and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rulesâ⬠3. Trade measures are trade related tools for improving fisheries management, including measures to monitor and enforce compliance with Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), trade regulation under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and other trade-related acts4. The issue of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is being highlighted by the international fisheries policy agenda in recent years. This is because IUU fishing not only undermines the sustainability of fisheries management methodology both domestically and internationally thereby impacting ocean biodiversity, but also has detrimental economic and social outcomes. Hence, ensuring the sustainability of fisheries by promoting responsible fishing, is now being increasingly focused on5. Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a growing threat to sustainable fisheries management and marine biodiversity. It occurs in all fisheries whether they are operated in areas under national jurisdiction or on the high seas. A number of international policy instruments that address the management of world fishery resources, also cover the issue of IUU fishing. In spite of the gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-37256836907184457802019-11-16T17:56:00.001-08:002019-11-16T17:56:05.835-08:00The perception of Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Healthcare System Essay Example for Free The perception of Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Healthcare System Essay Introduction Public health in America has benefited from various innovations and advanced medical technology. However, these developments do not serve all Americans. Even in modern times disparities exist between whites and minorities in terms of health care. For instance the rate due to heart disease and stokes were higher for African Americans than for whites; 30% and 41% respectively, in 2002. The infant mortality rate for African Americans was higher compared to that of whites, in spite the fact that the national infant mortality rate had decreased. In 2004, African Americans had the highest diagnosis rate for HIV; 50% (Center for health care strategies). Ensuring equity in health care is necessary in order to prevent premature death, control disease, prevent unnecessary illness or disability and promote the quality of life for all citizens. An intervention by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention lead to the formation of Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH). The programââ¬â¢s mandate is to identify, minimize and eventually eliminate racial and ethnic inequality in the health care sector. Minority groups are the main victims of health care inequity. As a result the REACH program targets; African Americans, American Indians, Asian Americans, Latinos, Alaska natives and Pacific Islanders. These communities need to be involved in the REACH program since, they are after all the beneficiaries. Individuals, community leaders and opinion leaders need to be consulted and empowered. REACH has developed strategies that improve health care in various communities, work sites, schools, after school settings and in health care facilities. Application of community development principles of good practice to research on racial and health care disparities. For a society to be successful then development of individual communities and organizations needs to be considered. Community development focuses on the improvement of the quality of life for an entire community. A community can be defined as a team of people who are unified due to location, common interests or ownership. For this kind of development to occur then the principles of good practice ought to be enforced. Some of the principles of good practice include; encouraging participation, problem identification and designing of solutions by community members and community leaders. Leaders in the community are also empowered and educated so that they can understand the problems that exist in their community and abstinence from practices that affect the community negatively. In other words the principles of good practice include; inclusion of community members, capacity building through management of information and resources, partnerships with all stakeholders, equity , accessibility and responsiveness in terms of action towards various initiatives (Maslow, 2003,p.19). The community should be involved in the research on racial and ethnic disparities in health care. The community will provide valuable information on the disparities that exist, intervention programs and the progress made in addressing the issue. Researchers need to consider vital elements in the community; trust, cultural heritage, history, expertise, community leaders, community initiatives and resources. Community based research relies highly on participation and trust. Trust is fundamental for the research on racial and ethnic inequality in health care. The researcher needs to understand the communityââ¬â¢s history and how it relates to their current health care situation. For example the slavery and racial discrimination history of African Americans can provide insight on why the disparity in health care exists. The researcher needs to appreciate information from participates. However, this does not imply that all information should be accepted as truth without further investigation. The views of the community members should be listened to carefully, evaluated and investigated. Researchers should view the community as a partner in the research and interact with members. The researcher needs to develop a partnership with the members of the community. Together the parties define the health care disparities and needs. They also evaluate the effectiveness of programs initiated so as to reduce the health care inequality and provide recommendations on how to improve those programs. In this partnership between the researcher and the community members the thoughts and opinions of the community members need to be reflected in the publications. It is a common practice for publishers to decide what to print. Most of the times the community participates are not co-authors of the publications; they are simply acknowledged for their cooperation in the authorsââ¬â¢ notes. As a result some of the issues that are very vital to the community may be left out. Members of a community provide superior information on their communityââ¬â¢s views and their culture. Thus inclusion of community members as co-authors of publications will benefit both the researcher and the community. Moreover, this effort is a form of empowerment for the community since their views and opinions will be better represented thus creating a comprehensive picture. Ethical practices should be used in data collection, ownership and publication (Blythe, 2007, p.68). In order to understand the role that racial inequality has on premature deaths, infant mortality rate, disability and the spread of disease community based research is crucial. Community partners provide information on the nature of health care they receive in terms of health education, treatment, responsiveness in health care centers and the facilities that are available in their localities. Research ensures that health care delivery coincides with the needs of the community. The insight provided by community participation research is useful to the government and other stakeholders who are responsible for designing and implementing health care delivery programs. Community participants in a research usually represent the views of the community in relation to health care. Thus their views should be considered and reflected in the research. Research helps in addressing the challenges that face the health care system. Hence it provides solutions communities and policy makers which will ultimately improve the nature and quality of health care available to all citizens. For racial and ethnic disparities to be eliminated then all stakeholders need to develop strategies that will address issue. Various states and Medicaid managed organizations have developed a community based strategy to address racial disparities in health care. The strategy emphasis on community participatory research on health care racial and ethnic inequality. The community members, community based organizations are the main source of information. The health care providers and government then analyze the information and set policies on health that ensures equality in access and treatment to all American citizens. Compared to traditional research methods community based participatory research provides pertinent findings and is less time consuming. Health care providers are increasingly using this approach; the main focus is using community based approach to interact with minorities. For instance the ââ¬ËEXCEEDââ¬â¢ project uses partnership between researchers, community member, community health care centers and the community organizations. EXCEED uses the community participatory research due to acknowledgement that it leads to comprehensive findings on the social, cultural and economic aspects that contribute to the racial and ethnic disparities in health care. The EXCEED program ââ¬Å"Excellence Centers To Eliminate Ethnic/Racial Disparitiesâ⬠is an in initiative by the Agency of Health care Research and Quality (AHRQ). Its mandate is to investigate and understand racial and ethnic disparities in health care as well as designing and implementing strategies on eradication of those disparities (Bayne, 1998, p.116). Conclusion Inequality in health care provision is evident in terms of health care access, prevalence of disease, health care setting and the quality of care. Americaââ¬â¢s minoritiesââ¬â¢ usually higher rates of disease, higher infant death rate and poorer health care compared to white Americans. Disparities in health care affect the individual, communities and the economy. Poor health care contributes to the cost of health care through complications due to poor care, avoidable hospital admission and preventable emergency cases. Community based participatory research on racial and ethnic disparities in health care provides data that reflects the extent of the situation. Information from the research is used by health care providers to design strategies provision of quality health care services to all citizens. Community based participatory research is a partnership between the community and the researcher. There is equity in power, decision making, credit and knowledge. The community and the researchers collaborate in all segments of the research; problem identification, planning for the research, actual research, data collection, analyzing of data and recommending a course of action. Data collected through community based participatory research on racial and ethnic disparities in health care is usually analyzed by the government and other health care stakeholders. The revelations made by the data are useful when goals and policies are been designed so as to eliminate the racial and ethnical disparities in health care. Health care is fundamental in every society. Therefore health care providers are advised to ensure equity in quality, access and care in the health sector for all Americans regardless of their race or ethnicity (Allan, 1998, p. 112). Reference Allan, B. P. (1998). Health care financing. à New York: Hill crest. Bayne, J. N. (1998). Strategic plans. New York: Hill crest. Blythe, R. J. (2007). Disease Prevention. Manchester University Press. Maslow, R. P. (2003). Health Management. New York: Macmillian. Porter, P. (2004). Healthy and Beautiful. New York: The free Press. The effects of community factors on Health. Retrieved August 18 2008 from à à à à à à à à à à à http://www.policylink.org/pdfs/. Reducing health disparities through focus on communities. Retrieved August 17 2008 from à à à à à à à à à à à http://www.policylink.org/pdfs/HealthDisparities.pdf gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5688608709549759917.post-51791775544811382042019-11-14T06:28:00.001-08:002019-11-14T06:28:04.528-08:00The Importance of Wearing a Seatbelt Essay -- Argumentative Safety DriThe Importance of Wearing a Seatbelt We have all heard the excuses before, "It's uncomfortable, I'm only going around the corner", I'd rather be thrown out of a car than be stuck in a seatbelt," and my favorite, "I'm a good driver I don't need to wear one." Well you may be a good driver but there are situations beyond your control such as bad weather, road conditions and not to mention other drivers that can affect your safety. Seat belts can mean the difference between life and death in an auto accident. Wearing a seat belt every time you enter a vehicle is not only the smart thing to do it is the right thing because it saves lives, it's the law and it will save you money. Car accidents are the leading cause of death for people under the age of 35. Wearing a seat belt can prevent death in about half of these accidents. Did you know that every 15 seconds someone is injured in an automobile accident if they are not buckled up, or that every 13 minutes someone is killed in a crash. Failure to wear a seat belt contributes to more fatalities than any other single traffic safety related behavior. According to the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration seatbelts saved nearly 12,000 lives in the United States in the year 2000. The NHTSA estimates that more than 9,000 U.S. car accident fatalities in 2000 would have been avoided if the victims had been wearing seatbelts. Sixty three percent of the people killed in accidents were not wearing seat belts. The NHTSA a... gladyslewis1977http://www.blogger.com/profile/05101782374441674575noreply@blogger.com0